Kalmar "carob" tana da alaƙa da bishiyoyin leguminous da yawa, amma a cikin 'ya'yan itacen Bahar Rum yana nufin yafi girma. Tsarin Ceratonia, wanda 'ya'yan itãcen marmari (carob) ake godiya ga ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma ga bishiyar carob daga tsabansa. A cikin noma, ana gane su garroba iri biyu ta kamanninsa da tsarinsa: baki da fari; Bakin duhu sun fi yaɗu a cikin gonakin kasuwanci. Spain ta yi fice don ta babban iri-iri iri-iri, tare da yawancin cultivars na gida waɗanda suka dace da ƙasa daban-daban da microclimates, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da furanni marasa jima'i (bishiyoyin maza ko mata) da sauransu. hermaphrodites.
Nau'in bishiyoyin carob: iri da halaye masu mahimmanci
A cikin Ceratonia siliqua, da baki kwafsa yawanci nunawa mafi dadi kuma mafi ƙamshi ɓangaren litattafan almara, yayin da a wasu Lines na haske pods fifiko aka ba ga aiki a cikin carob wakeManoma sun zabi iri don tsawon kwafsa, kauri, haske, yawan iri, sauƙi na tarin da daidaitawa ga sanyi ko fari. Shahararrun nomenclature na iya zama mai ruɗani (masu kamanceceniya na gida ɗaya ko sunaye iri ɗaya don clones daban-daban), don haka Ganewa ta hanyar 'ya'yan itace da tsarin halittar bishiya kuma, inda ya dace, ta hanyar bincike, yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye aminci iri-iri.
Rarraba kimiyya da nau'in da ake kira "carob"
A cikin ma'anar ma'anar botanical, "algarrobo" yayi daidai da jinsin halitta Ceratonia (iyali Fabaceae, dangin Caesalpinioideae), tare da jinsuna biyu da aka yarda da su: Tsarin Ceratonia (bishiyar carob na Mediterranean) da Ceratonia oreothauma (ya haɗa da wani yanki na Somaliya). A cikin amfani na kowa, ana kuma kiran sauran legumes "carob":
- prosopis (mesquites da huarangos), tare da yawancin bishiyoyi da nau'in shrub. Misalai na musamman sun haɗa da a Afirka, Prosopis african y P. farcta; a Amurka, P. alba (fararen carob), P. nigra (black carob), P. chilensis, P. pallida (huarango), P. flexuosa, P. glandulsa, P. velutina, P. juliflora, P. tamarugo, P. pubescens, P. strombulifera, P. ruscifolia, da sauransu; a Asiya, musamman Prosopis cineraria (kyakkyawar).
- Sauran "algarrobos" da aka yi amfani da su a gida: Hymenaea courbaril (guapinol) da Kuna neman daji (Bishiyar Yahuda), waɗanda ba Ceratonia ba.
A cikin noma na Bahar Rum, nau'in 'ya'yan itace na sha'awa shine Tsarin CeratoniaAn yi niyya don kwafsa abincin mutane, ciyarwa da samun carob wake thickener.
Iri da furanni hermaphrodite
Itatuwan Hermaphrodite, wanda aka sani a wasu yankuna kamar flowering namiji o namiji garrofero, yanzu m reshe, kauri da maras ban sha'awa ganye, da 'ya'yan itãcen marmari sosai zuwa reshe, wanda ke dagula girbi. An fi amfani da su azaman masu pollinators, ko da yake akwai amfanin gonaki. Daga cikin mafi yawan ambaton:
- Kwalban ruwa: daukewa bude-kuka, matsakaicin tarin kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin wake na carob (kimanin 13-15%).
- Baftisma, Blanca y Gauraye: haskaka ta kyawawan abubuwan samarwa, babba cellulose y ƙananan abun ciki na sukari a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara.
- Karkatarwa: maimakon tarin birgima, babban samarwa (tare da wasu canji) da kashi 8-10%; halin kuka.
- Turis: pollinator na saurin shigowa a cikin samarwa, tare da high carob yawan amfanin ƙasa (kusan ko sama da 16%).
- E-13P: tawagar kasar Mallorcan kame karfi, farkon girbi da doguwar bishiyar carob (≈16% ko fiye).
Iri-iri tare da furannin namiji
Kira gefuna ko iyakoki Ba sa 'ya'ya. Ana gane su da su mafi kuzari, harbe-harbe masu ja, manya da ganye masu sheki, da a ya karu da hankali ga sanyi. Daga cikinsu akwai mahara na gida clones tare da iyakoki daban-daban taki furannin mata, don haka mahimmancin zaɓi masu pollinators masu kyau a cikin shuka.
Iri-iri tare da furannin mata
Suna tattara yawancin cultivars na sha'awa mai amfani a Spain. Su launi, fadi, kauri, tsawo y abun da ke ciki Suna bambanta bisa ga iri-iri da yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke gaba sun bambanta:
- Baki ko Baki (masu ma'ana: Kasada, Mushy, Donzell, Da Mel): itace mai karfi da ganye; kwafsa baki da sheki 12-16 cm, babban ɓangaren litattafan almara mai dadi; kashi 7-9%Matsakaici da ɗan canjin samarwa; marigayi girbi.
- Melar ko Melera (da Vera, Lisa, Roya): gabatowa bude, mai karfi sosai; kwafsa jajaye 15-18 cm, farin ɓangaren litattafan almara mai arzikin sugars; matsakaicin tarin; kashi 8-9%.
- Matalafam ko Matalafera: iri-iri da wuri; kwasfa tsayi sosai (18-22 cm), fadi da launi duhu ja kusan baki, kadan zaki; kashi 10-12%; 'ya'yan itatuwa a ciki bunches, high da akai samarwa; farkon girbi.
- Makon jiya, makon jiya: kofin Clara da baka; kumfa jajayen duhu, fadi da matalauci a ɓangaren litattafan almara; 'ya'yan itatuwa a ciki daure; m samarwa.
- Kasada: samarwa kafofin watsa labaru,, tsakiyar kakar girbi da kashi 8-9%; buɗaɗɗen karusa.
- Kahon Akuya (Goat Banya): itace m, kwafsa baka siffar ƙaho da karamin ɓangaren litattafan almara (ƙananan dandano mai daɗi); kashi 13-14%; high samarwa amma tare da madadin.
- Rib Donkey (Costella de Ruc): sosai m, kwasfa fadi 18-21 cm, matalauci a ɓangaren litattafan almara y ƙananan bishiyar carob; iyakantaccen sha'awar kasuwanci.
- Rojal (da Valencià): bishiyar babban girma, m ganye; kumfa kirfa mai duhu 17-20 cm; kashi 10-11%; high samar da saurin shigowa; tabbata juriya ga powdery mildew.
- Grater: buɗaɗɗen karusar, samarwa babba kuma na yau da kullun; matsakaicin tarin; kashi 12-13%.
- Endaddamarwa: daukewa Semi-kuka, ganyen kore mai haske mai sheki; kumfa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu 15-17 cm, fadi da kauri; m tare da girbi na ɗan lokaci; m ga sanyi da powdery mildew, amma juriya ga wasu 'yan kwalliya.
- Costella ko Canal Can ( Mallorca): itacen m rassan da manyan ganye; kumfa launin ruwan kasa mai haske 18-22 cm tsayi daure, katako kuma dan kadan sugary; mai tsananin sanyi.
- Duraió (Durayó, Uraiona) (tsibirin Balearic): itace mai karfi sosai, ɗauka bude-kuka; tsawon 15-20 cm, m, chestnut ja y mai arzikin sugars; matsakaicin tarin; kashi 15-17%.
- Castilian (subtypes Saya Longa y Rubia): itace m da kuka; abubuwa fadi, 10-12 cm (Rubia) ko 15-17 cm (Sayalonga), launin ruwan kasa mai duhu; kashi 13-14%; babban samarwa dangane da yankin.
- Bravia: tarwatsa itatuwan daji; samarwa m da a madadin; kwafsa siriri 12-14 cm, sugar kadan kadan; kashi 15-17%.
Amfanin amfanin gona, gudanarwa da iyawa
A cikin firam na zamani kuma tare da tallafawa ban ruwa, yana yiwuwa a cimma 7.000-10.000 kg/ha da carob. A cikin manya gonaki na ƙananan yawa, an yi nuni da matsakaita a kusa 2.700-3.500 kg/ha dangane da yanki da jerin shekaru. Dangane da ruwa mai samuwa, shekaru, yawa, pollination da kuma gudanarwa, kewayon yana da fadi: daga kawai kan 1.000 kg / ha har zuwa ƙimar da ta wuce 12.000 kg / haA yawancin amfanin gona na gargajiya da suka bushe, matsakaicin zagaye 1.500 kg / ha de rashin pollinators, rashin isassun tsarin da rashin kulawa; tare da ingantawa iri, dasa kuma Yawancin lokaci, abubuwan samarwa suna daidaitawa kuma amfanin gona ya yi nasara rentable ko da a yanayi mara kyau.
Yadawa, grafting da pollination
Itacen carob yana ninka ta iri (don alamu) da kuma ta dasa na nau'ikan da ake so. A tsaba bukatar rashi (thermal ko sinadarai) don karya dormancy: misali, ruwan zafi ya biyo bayan tsawaita jiƙa, ko sarrafa tabon sinadarai a cikin saitunan fasaha. Yadda aka saba grafting shine na gushe ko wasu hanyoyin akan tsarin iri wanda ya dace da ƙasan gida.
Pollination wani muhimmin al'amari ne: yana da kyau haxa mata con m pollinators (maza masu haihuwa ko hermaphrodites) don tabbatar da saiti. A wurare daban-daban na samarwa, ana haɓaka su shirye-shiryen zaɓi tare da kayan kamar H2-12, Turis, 8P, Bord Granja, Capoll Curt, Rojal y Kwalban ruwa, ban da gwaji tare da hermaphrodites don kimanta ku haihuwa da ƙarfin samarwa ba tare da shigar da pollen na waje ba.
Amfanin garroba da garrofin
Ana amfani da ɓangaren litattafan almara a ciki abincin mutane (fulawa, abin sha, maye gurbin koko, kantin irin kek), in ruhohi kuma a matsayin sinadari na ciyarwa. Ana iya cinyewa danye a wasu shirye-shirye. tsaba (carrofín) suna da mahimmanci ga su danko, amfani dashi thickener da emulsifier a cikin masana'antun abinci da marasa abinci. Wannan hadin na m amfani da kyau karbuwa da bishiyar zuwa ga fari da kuma ikon iyawa Kama CO2 ya bayyana sabon sha'awar amfanin gona.
Kwari da cututtuka na kowa
A fagen, matsalolin da aka fi sani sun haɗa da itace rawar soja (misali, Zauzera), daban-daban 'yan kwalliya (kamar yadda Aspidiotus spp.), da faten fure (Oidium ceratonia) y tushen rot a cikin ƙasa mai jika sosai (misali, Dematophora necatrix). Gudanar da haɗin gwiwar yana ba da shawarar tsaftataccen pruning, sa ido harbe da kututtuka, sarrafa ciyawa kuma mai kyau aeration alfarwa. Wasu iri, kamar Rojal, nuna wasu haƙuri ga powdery mildew, wanda ke taimakawa rage jiyya.
Tare da zabi mai dacewa na iri, Kyakkyawan zane na aikin zabe, sarrafa ƙasa kuma, inda ya dace, tallafawa ban ruwa, itacen carob yana ba da daidaiton amfanin gona da kewayon masana'antu da amfanin abinci, ƙarfafa kanta a matsayin m madadin ga yankunan da bushewar yanayi da ƙasan farar ƙasa inda sauran itatuwan 'ya'yan itace ke wahala.