Nashi, wanda kuma aka sani da pear Asiya, pear Jafananci, pear gabas, ko pear yashi, yana ɗaya daga cikin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace mafi girma kuma na musamman na asalin Asiya. Sunan kimiyya shine Pyrus pyrifolia, kuma duk da bayyanarsa kamar tuffa da kuma yanayin ɗanɗanon pear, ba sakamakon giciye tsakanin 'ya'yan itacen biyu ba ne. Ana noman Nashi a yankuna daban-daban na duniya kuma yana da kyau duka ingancin 'ya'yan itacen da darajarsa ta ado a cikin lambuna da gonaki. Gano duk Halaye da sirrin samun nasarar noman nashi.
Asalin Nashi da gamamminsa
- Sunan kimiyya: Pyrus pyrifolia
- Sunaye gama gari: Nashi, pear Asiya, pear Japan, pear China, pear yashi, pear apple
- Iyali: Rosaceae
Nashi ya fito ne daga yankunan tsaunuka na tsakiya, kudanci da yammacin kasar Sin., inda yake tsiro da daji kuma yana cikin gida tsawon dubban shekaru. Ta hanyar zaɓi da ƙetare, nau'o'in noma da yawa sun samo asali, musamman a Japan, Koriya, da Sin, waɗanda suka bambanta da siffar, laushi, launin fata, da tsananin dandano. Don ƙarin koyo game da nau'ikan sa, kuna iya tuntuɓar Ƙarin bayani game da nau'in jinsin Pyrus.
A halin yanzu, nomansa ya yadu zuwa kasashe irin su Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Amurka, New Zealand, Australia, Faransa, Italiya da Spain, tare da gagarumin samarwa a Gabashin Asiya. Nashi yana da nau'ikan iri daban daban, cikin sauƙi suna wuce ɗari, kodayake 'yan dozin sun fi kyau a kasuwa saboda kyakkyawan ingancinsu da ingancin kayan abinci.
Halayen Botanical na bishiyar nashi
- Ƙofofi: Itace matsakaiciya, tsayi tsakanin mita 5 zuwa 10 lokacin girma cikin yardar rai, tare da kambi mai ganye da ƙanƙara.
- Takaddun: Oval zuwa oblong, tare da kauri mai kauri, launi mai zurfi, da lallausan gefuna. Tsawon su ya bambanta daga 7 zuwa 12 cm.
- Bloom: Ana samar da shi a cikin bazara, tare da fararen furanni 3 zuwa 3,5 cm a diamita, yawanci ana haɗa su a cikin corymbs kuma tare da tsakanin 3 zuwa 6 petals.
Nashi shine itacen bishiya Yana rasa ganyen sa a lokacin hunturu kuma yana nuna ganyen zinariya a cikin kaka. Furen furanninta na ado sosai, suna cika bishiyar da fararen furanni masu ɗan ƙamshi. Idan kuna son ƙarin koyo game da kula da waɗannan bishiyoyi, ziyarci yadda ake shuka bishiyar pear ta korean.
Halayen 'ya'yan nashi
- Form: Spherical-globose, wani lokacin ɗan lebur ko siffa mai siffar pear, yana tunawa da apple amma tare da ɗanɗanon pear.
- Fata: Zai iya zama santsi ko ɗan ƙanƙara da kewayo daga launin rawaya mai haske, ta hanyar zinariya-tan, zuwa sautunan ocher tare da ɗigon ɗigon ruwa.
- Ruwan ruwa: Fari mai launi, tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran rubutu kuma mai daɗi sosai. Abin dandano yana da daɗi tare da da hankali, bayanin kula na acidic.
- Girma: Girman 'ya'yan itacen ya bambanta bisa ga iri-iri, wasu suna da matsakaici, wasu kuma sun kai girma masu girma.
Akwai nau'ikan nashi iri-iri. Alal misali, waɗanda ke ƙarewa a "-sui" suna da fata mai laushi, kamar Hosui, da kuma "-seiki" kamar su Nijisseiki Suna da fata mai santsi. Sauran sanannun iri ne Shinseiki, Ya-li, Korean Giant, Shinko, Ichiban and KumoiGanyayyaki na gargajiya na Jafananci sun kan samar da sifofin 'ya'yan itace masu zagaye, yayin da wasu Sinawa sun fi kama da pears na Turai. Don ƙarin koyo game da halayen 'ya'yan itace, ana bada shawara don tuntuɓar Pear iri da halaye.
Yawancin lokaci ana girbe Nashi a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon kaka., dangane da yanayin gida da iri-iri. 'Ya'yan itacen suna kula da matsa lamba, don haka ya kamata a kula da shi a hankali.
Mafi mashahuri iri nashi
- Hosui: Manyan 'ya'yan itace mai launin ruwan zinari, m saman da nama mai dadi.
- Nijisseiki: An san shi da "Pear na karni na 20," yana da daraja sosai a Japan, tare da fata mai laushi da daidaitaccen dandano.
- Shinseiki: 'Ya'yan itace zagaye, santsi kore-rawaya fata, sosai m da zaki.
- Ya-Li: Iri-iri mafi kusa da pear Turai a cikin siffa, na kowa a China.
- Giant na Koriya: Yana samar da manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu tsananin dandano.
- Shinko, Ichiban, Kumoi: Sauran shahararrun nau'ikan, manufa don grafting da bambancin a cikin lambuna na gida.
Ingantattun yanayin girma na nashi
- Location: Ya fi son cikakken rana, wanda ke motsa mafi kyawun furanni, ripening da ingancin 'ya'yan itace.
- Yanayi: Mafi dacewa don yanayin yanayi da yanayin Rum. Yana jure sanyi sanyi da lokacin zafi. Wasu iri suna da ƙananan buƙatu don lokutan sanyi na hunturu fiye da itatuwan pear na Turai.
- Falo: Yana buƙatar haske, sako-sako, mai zurfi, ƙasa mai laushi tare da magudanar ruwa mai kyau da wadata a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Ya kamata pH ya zama ɗan acidic ko tsaka tsaki (pH 5,5 zuwa 7), yana guje wa ƙasan alkaline da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa. Don inganta ƙasa a cikin lambunan gida, zaku iya tuntuɓar yadda za a inganta kasa a cikin lambuna.
Amfani da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai Yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye haifuwar ƙasa da tsari. A cikin gonakin gida, ana ba da shawarar ƙara takin da balagagge da ciyawa a gindin bishiyar.
Shuka da kulawa ta farko
- Shuka lokaci: A cikin bazara, don tabbatar da ingantaccen tushen ci gaba da hana lalacewa daga sanyi na baya-bayan nan. Hakanan ana iya dasa shi a cikin kaka a cikin yanayi mai laushi.
- Tsarin shuka: Tsakanin mita 4 zuwa 6 tsakanin bishiyoyi, dangane da tsari da iri-iri.
A cikin shekarun farko yana da mahimmanci Tabbatar da ingantaccen ban ruwa na yau da kullun don ingantaccen tushen bishiyar, musamman a lokacin rani. Ruwan ɗigon ruwa yana da inganci sosai, saboda yana hana zubar ruwa da kuma kiyaye ruwa akai-akai.
Ruwan da ya wuce kima zai iya rage yawan sukarin 'ya'yan itacen., yana cutar da ɗanɗanonsu da laushi. Don ƙarin bayani game da tsire-tsire na 'ya'yan itace, duba bishiyar pear daji da nomantaDa zarar an kafa, nashi yana jure wa ɗan gajeren lokaci na fari idan ƙasa tana da sanyi da zurfi.
Taki da taki nashi
Ana ba da shawarar yin a gudummawar kwayoyin halitta na shekara-shekara a cikin bazara, tare da daidaiton takin ma'adinai mai ƙarancin nitrogen don haɓaka fure da 'ya'yan itace. Idan ana shuka nashi a cikin tukwane, yana da kyau a rika yin takin zamani a kowane wata tare da takin mai magani na duniya da ke da wadatar potassium da phosphorus, sannan kuma a rika kara sinadarin (humus, takin) akalla sau daya a shekara.
A cikin filin ko lambu, Ana iya yin aikace-aikacen taki na biyu a ƙarshen lokacin rani. don inganta 'ya'yan itace ripening da tarawa reserves domin hunturu.
Gyaran nashi
- Tsarin gogewa: A cikin shekaru na farko don ba da tsari ga itacen kuma sauƙaƙe hanyar haske da iska zuwa kambi.
- Maintenance pruning: Cire busassun rassan da ba su da amfani ko kuma masu haɗaka don kula da ƙarfin bishiyar da inganta inganci da girman 'ya'yan itatuwa.
- Nau'in yankan: Daga horon axis na tsakiya, horar da gilashin gilashi, horo na trellis, da sauransu, dangane da sararin samaniya da tsarin noma.
Rejuvenation na 'ya'yan itace ya kamata ya zama mai zurfi fiye da pears na al'ada, kamar yadda nashi yakan haifar da 'ya'yan itace a kan rassan matasa. Idan kuna son ƙarin koyo game da dabarun pruning, tuntuɓi zamani dabaru dabaru.
Pollination da flowering
Yawancin nau'ikan nashi ba su da cikakken kai, don haka ana ba da shawarar shuka iri-iri fiye da ɗaya waɗanda furanni a lokaci guda don tabbatar da a mai kyau giciye-pollination da inganta saitin 'ya'yan itace. Ciki har da nau'ikan iri daban-daban kuma yana ba da damar tsawaita lokacin girbi da kariya daga gazawar fure saboda yanayi. Don koyo game da mafi kyawun haɗuwa, zaku iya tuntuɓar .
La flowering yana faruwa a cikin bazara, kuma bayan giciye-pollination da za'ayi musamman ta ƙudan zuma, nashi fara ci gaban 'ya'yan itãcen marmari.
Nashi kulawa da kulawa
- Haske: Yana buƙatar wurare na rana don haɓaka samar da 'ya'yan itace da inganci. Bangaren inuwa yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.
- Zazzabi: Yana buƙatar takamaiman adadin sa'o'i na sanyi don hutun hunturu, don haka inganta furen yanayi. Yana iya jure sanyi matsakaici (har zuwa -20 ° C ga wasu nau'ikan).
- Ban ruwa: Ruwa na yau da kullun a farkon shekarun; bayan haka, kawai a lokacin dumi ko bushewa. Koyaushe guje wa matsanancin bushewa da zubar ruwa.
- Ciki: Ciki tare da bambaro, ciyawar ciyawa, ko takin yana riƙe da danshi, yana hana ciyawa, kuma yana rage buƙatar ƙarin taki.
Rarraba 'ya'yan itace da hannu, barin ƴan kaɗan a kowane ɗigo, aikin da aka ba da shawarar ga daidai kitso da inganci na nashi.
Annoba da cututtuka
Nashi gabaɗaya bishiyar itace ce mai ƙarfi, amma wasu na iya shafa ta cututtukan fungal (foda mildew, downy mildew), kwayan cuta (fire blight) ko na kowa kwari kamar caterpillars, mealybugs ko aphids. Yana da maɓalli don aiwatarwa Maganin rigakafi a cikin hunturu, musamman idan itacen ya sami matsala a shekarun baya. Don hana kwari a nashi, duba Yadda ake mu'amala da wasps na Asiya a cikin bishiyar 'ya'yan itace.
Bayan gano kwari ko cututtuka, shafa a maganin warkewa Dace. Yana da amfani sau da yawa a haɗa fungicides, magungunan kashe kwari, da takin foliar ko amino acid a cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen don haɓaka farfadowar bishiyar. Don ƙarin bayani, duba sarrafa kaho na Asiya.
Raunin datse, idan yana da mahimmanci, yakamata a rufe shi don hana kamuwa da cuta. Nashi kuma yana da saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da suka shafi bishiyar pear da apple, irin su tuffa da tabo da ganye, musamman a yanayin damina.
Girbi, adanawa da adana nashi
La girbin nashi Dole ne a yi shi a hankali, kamar yadda fatarta, ko da yake m, yana da matukar damuwa ga matsa lamba kuma yana iya lalacewa yayin sarrafawa. An tsince 'ya'yan itatuwa da hannu. ƙoƙarin kada ya tara su ko ya buge suLokacin girbi ya bambanta dangane da iri-iri da yanayi, gabaɗaya yana faɗuwa tsakanin ƙarshen bazara da farkon kaka. Don ƙarin shawarwarin ajiya, duba ajiyar pears da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa.
- Storage: Ana iya adana su a zafin jiki har zuwa makonni biyu. Ba a ba da shawarar a ajiye su a cikin firiji na dogon lokaci ba, saboda suna rasa ƙamshi da laushi.
Don safarar 'ya'yan itatuwa, Sanya nashi tare da mafi fadi bangaren yana fuskantar sama. kuma a guji tara su. Wannan yana rage lalacewa kuma yana adana sabo da ingancin su na tsawon lokaci.
Abubuwan gina jiki da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya
Nashi a lafiyayyen 'ya'yan itace da aka yaba duka daga yanayin abinci mai gina jiki da gastronomic:
- Ruwa: Babban abun ciki (kusan 88%), yana mai da shi manufa don hydration a cikin watanni masu zafi.
- Kalori: Yana bayar da kawai 42 kcal da 100 grams.
- Carbohydrates: 11 g / 100 g, wanda 7 g ne na halitta sugars.
- Fiber: Kyakkyawan tushe, tare da 3,6 g / 100 g, yana da amfani ga jigilar hanji da lafiyar narkewa.
- Vitamin: Ya ƙunshi bitamin C (3,8 mg / 100g) da bitamin K (4,5 μg / 100g).
- Ma'adanai: Potassium ya fito waje (121 mg / 100g), dacewa da tsoka da aikin jijiya.
Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi flavonoids da mahadi na phenolic, musamman a cikin fata, tare da kaddarorin antioxidant. Saboda haka, an ba da shawarar cinye nashi ba feshe ba lokacin da aka samar da shi ta hanyar halitta. Idan kana son ƙarin sani game da kaddarorin sa, duba amfanin mangwaro.
Yawancin bincike sun nuna magunguna na pears gaba ɗaya (maganin ciwon sukari, anti-inflammatory, anticancer da masu kare tsarin numfashi da na zuciya). A cikin Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin An yi amfani da shi don magance tari da matsalolin mashako, kuma a Koriya bisa ga al'ada ana daukarta yana taimakawa wajen hana hanta, saboda yana motsa hanta don lalata barasa. Don bayani kan tsire-tsire na magani, duba duk game da tsire-tsire masu magani.
An bayyana lokuta da ba kasafai ba Jafananci pear allergies, galibi a cikin mutanen da aka fallasa su ga pollen ta. Yawancin lokaci yana bayyana tare da alamun conjunctivitis ko rashin lafiyar yanayi a cikin manoma. Don guje wa haɗari, duba .
Amfanin dafa abinci na nashi
Nashi yayi fice a gastronomy domin ta versatility da crunchy textureYana da kyau a cinye raw, mai girman cizo kamar apple, ko a cikin salads, kebabs, smoothies, muesli, compotes, da kayan zaki. Namansa mai ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ya sa ya dace da duka girke-girke masu daɗi da masu daɗi.
- Mafi dacewa a cikin salads: Yana ba da sabo tare da alayyafo, arugula, rumman, ɓaure, goro da sutura masu zaki da tsami.
- Don kayan zaki: Ana amfani dashi a cikin crumbles, compotes, purees, jams, sorbets, har ma da tsoma cikin cakulan duhu.
- A cikin abinci mai daɗi: Yana haɗuwa da kyau tare da kwanonin poke, sandwiches, kuma azaman gefen tasa don soyayyen kayan lambu ko curries. Yana ƙara taɓawa ta musamman ga miyan Asiya ko kimchi na Koriya da jita-jita na kaka.
Shawarwari girke-girke: Ganyen jan kabeji da salatin nashi
Sinadaran: 200g ja kabeji, 2 nashi pears, ½ shallot, 1 teaspoon apple ruwan 'ya'yan itace, 2 tsp man rapeseed, 1 teaspoon apple cider vinegar, 1 tsp maple syrup, 50g gyada, gishiri, barkono da kirfa.
Shiri: A yanka kabeji da kyau, ƙara gishiri, da tausa. A yayyanka pears da shallot, a hade komai wuri guda, sannan a zuba ruwan apple. A yi miya da mai, vinegar, da syrup, ƙara kayan yaji don dandana, haɗuwa da salatin, da kuma ƙara yankakken goro.
Nashi pears kuma ana iya samun su a kasuwannin Asiya ko shagunan 'ya'yan itace na musamman. Lokacin siye, yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar samfura masu ƙarfi, marasa rauni.
Curiosities, alamomi da amfani na ado
A Japan, ana danganta nashi da al'adar alama, galibi ana shuka su kusa da ƙofar gidaje zuwa kare gida daga mummunan sa'aA lokacin kaka, al'ada ce a ba da furanni mafi kyau a matsayin alamar godiyar iyali. Imani na Jafananci ya ɗora cewa cin abinci na lokaci-lokaci yana daidaita jiki da tunani. Don ƙarin koyo game da alamarta a Japan, duba .
Baya ga darajar abinci mai gina jiki. Bishiyar nashi tana da daraja sosai a matsayin shukar ado don kyawawan kamanninsa, kyawawan furanni fari, da ganyen kaka mai rawaya. Alfarwarsa mai karimci yana ba da inuwa mai kyau, yana mai da shi manufa don wuraren zama a cikin lambun.
Noman Nashi yana ba da haɗe-haɗe mara misaltuwa na kyan gani, ƴaƴan itace na musamman, da al'adar al'ada. Hardy kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa, kyakkyawan zaɓi ne ga waɗanda ke neman haɓaka gonar lambun su tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu ban mamaki da lafiya.