Asalin sunan mahaifi Agave ya rufe saitin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire wanda ya samo asali ne daga Mexico da kuma yankuna masu busassun Amurka, waɗanda aka kima da su duka juriya amma yawanta kayan ado, kayan abinci da aikace-aikacen masana'antu. An san su don ɗaukar sassaka da iya bunƙasa cikin matsanancin yanayi, fiye da nau'in 300 Tsiren Agave sun cika hamada, dazuzzuka, da lambuna a duniya. Sunan su ya wuce aikin lambu: nau'ikan iri da yawa sune mahimman albarkatun ƙasa don samarwa Tequila, mezcal, pulque, fiber na halitta da kayan zaki.
Agave, kuma ake kira maguey, pita, kabuya, fiq o mescal Dangane da yankin, ya yi fice don sa ganye masu kauri, masu kauri, sau da yawa dauke da kashin baya a gefuna, shirya cikin m rosettesYayin da suke girma, suna samar da furanni masu tsayi, kuma bayan fure, shuka ya mutu, yana haifar da sababbin tsararraki ta hanyar iri ko zuriya.
Shin kun san cewa wasu agave suna rayuwa fiye da shekaru 25 kuma suna samar da furanni a tsayin sama da mita 10? Bambance-bambancen ilimin halittar jiki, filastik muhalli, da wadatar al'adu na agaves sun sanya su zama jarumai na yanayin yanayin yanayi da al'adun kakanni. A ƙasa, mun gabatar da 18 mafi dacewa nau'ikan agave don lambuna, abubuwan sha da amfani na gargajiya, halayensu, shawarwarin noma, hotuna masu bayyanawa da na musamman bayanai an fitar da su daga mafi ƙasƙanci kuma na zamani.
1. Agave (Pita)
El Agave na Amurka Wani nau'in nau'in alama ne, wanda aka san shi don girmansa da kyawunsa, kuma mai yiwuwa ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka fi wakilta a cikin busassun lambuna. Yana da asali zuwa Mexico da kudancin Amurka, amma ta mamaye wasu nahiyoyi. Ganyenta sune m, bluish-kore ko variegated, wanda aka ba shi tare da kashin baya a gefe da kuma ƙashin baya mai alama sosai. Zai iya kaiwa tsayin mita 1., ko da yake furenta na iya kaiwa mita 3. Lokacin da ya yi fure, yawanci yakan mutu, amma kafin nan yakan haifar da harbe-harbe masu yawa waɗanda ke tabbatar da dawwama na nau'in. A Spain, an yi la'akari Nau'in mamayewa kuma ana kayyade tallan sa.
- Fitattun iri: oaxasensis (fararen ganye), picta (maganin rawaya na ado).
- amfanin al'ada: samar da zaruruwa, shinge mai rai da albarkatun kasa don mezcal da pulque.
- Son sani: Yana iya É—aukar shekaru 20 don yin fure a cikin yanayi mara kyau.
2. Agave attenuata (Swan's Neck)
Shahararren don rashin lahani da kyan gani, da Agave attenuata Ba shi da ƙaya mai kaifi akan ganyensa, wanda ya sa ya dace da lambunan gida. Yana tasowa ɗan gajeren kara da ganye kore ko ja, fadi a gindi kuma yana ƙarewa a wuri mai laushi. Ya kai tsakanin 50 da 150 cm tsayiFuren sa yana samar da siffa mai ban sha'awa, kamar swan, saboda haka sunansa. Yana tsayayya yanayin zafi ƙasa da -3ºC kuma yana jure wa fari da kyau.
- Aplicaciones: kayan ado a cikin rokeries da gadaje na fure, da aka yi a kan patios da terraces.
- Shawara: Yana ninka cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tsotsa.
3. Agave filfera
'Yan asali zuwa hamadar Mexico, da Agave filinfera yana siffanta ta korayen ganye mai ratsin fari da ratsan gefe an rufe su da dogayen filaye masu lanƙwasa. Ya kai game da 50 cm tsayi, amma furenta na iya wuce mita 5. Ana yaba shi a cikin tarin kayan lambu da lambunan xeric don juriya (yana tallafawa har zuwa -8ºC) da kamanninsa na ban mamaki. Furannin rawaya suna jan hankalin masu yin pollinators kamar jemagu da tsuntsaye.
- Resistance: kyakkyawan haƙuri ga sanyi da fari.
- Yawaita: basal harbe ko tsaba.
4. Agave geminiflora (Agave boscii)
Wannan nau'in ya yi fice don sa sirara, dogayen ganye da yawa, Koren duhu mai launin azurfa. Yana samar da m rosette na kusan 40 cm a diamita. Filayensa na ado da ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a sun sa ya zama mahimmanci ga kwantena da lambuna na zamani. Yana haɓaka tsayin fure mai tsayi (mita 2 zuwa 3) tare da gungu na furanni rawaya. Yana jurewa har zuwa -3,8ºC kuma kiyaye shi yana da sauƙi.
- Kayan ado: bayyanar ball na ado.
- Fa'ida: dace da cactus da lambuna masu ban sha'awa.
5. Agave parryi
Ƙarfafa da ƙaƙƙarfan kamanni, da Agave parry Yana da yawa a cikin hamadar kudancin Amurka da arewacin Mexico. Its kauri, gajere, shuɗi-kore ganye Suna da baƙar fata a gefuna da tip. Ya kai har zuwa 50 cm tsayi kuma yana haifar da tushe na fure wanda ya wuce 3 m. Kyakkyawan juriya ga sanyi (har zuwa -15ºC), manufa don yanayin zafi da bushewa.
- Aikace-aikacen: lambunan dutse, filayen rana, shimfidar wuri na hamada.
- Son sani: huachucensis iri-iri tare da ko da fadi da shuÉ—i ganye.
6. Dankali na Agave
An san shi da kyawun ban mamaki na rosette, da Agave dankalin turawa es endemic zuwa Puebla da Oaxaca. Ganyenta gajere, fadi da glaucous kore a launi ƙare a cikin duhu ƙaya. Yana kaiwa 50 cm tsayi. Furen sa na ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayi (har zuwa 5 m) kuma furen yawanci yana tare da canjin launi a cikin ganyayyaki. Yana goyan bayan -10ºC kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin samar da mezcal artisanal (tobalá).
- Daban-daban: Akwai bambance-bambancen karatu irin su verschaffelti, tare da gajarta kuma mafi ƙarancin ganye.
- Yawaita: da gaske ta tsaba.
- Ƙimar Ethnobotanical: ana yabawa sosai ga mezcal saboda dandanonsa da wadatar sukari.
7. Agave salmiana (Mountain maguey)
Tauraro a cikin samar da pulque da mezcal, da Salmiana agave An gane ta da shi Ganyayyaki, duhu koren ganye tare da tabo mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Isarsu 40 zuwa 50 cm tsayi, ko da yake furen fure na iya wuce gona da iri 2 m. Mai jure sanyi (har zuwa -7ºC) kuma nomansa na gargajiya ne a cikin Mexica Central Plateau.
- Peasashecrassispina (Slenderer da tsayi), ferox (kauri ganye, tsayi m kashin baya).
- Yana amfani: hakar aguamiel, fences, fibers da mezcal.
- Mu'amala: Bayan jefa furen furen, shuka yana mai da hankali kan sukari, yana haɓaka sakamakon pulque da mezcal.
8. Agave salmiana var. ferox (Agave ferox)
An bambanta wannan iri-iri ta hanyarsa karin ganye masu ƙarfi da kashin baya na ƙarshe wanda zai iya kaiwa 8 cm. Yana kula da amfani iri ɗaya da juriya kamar nau'in salmiana, amma kamannin sa ya fi girma, manufa don ƙirƙirar. na halitta da kuma shingen tsaro a cikin manyan gidaje da lambuna.
- Ado da aiki: mai kyau don hana dabbobi ko iyakance sarari.
9. Agave sisalana (Sisal)
Shahararriyar fiber na halitta (sisal), da agave sisalana asali daga Yucatan kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin masana'anta igiyoyi, kafet da yadudduka na muhalli. Gabatar da a qarya kara har zuwa mita 1 kuma tsayi, kunkuntar, koren ganye masu haske waɗanda suka zama duhu tare da lokaci. Inflorescence ya wuce 6 m kuma furanni suna rawaya-kore. Yana dawwama har -6ºC.
- Aikace-aikacen masana'antu: m namo ga kayan lambu zaruruwa.
- Ƙimar ado: samfuri mai kyau a cikin lambuna masu bushewa da yanayin zafi.
10. Agave tequilana (Blue Agave)
Keɓaɓɓen albarkatun ƙasa don tequila, da Tequilana agave o shudi mai shuɗi yayi fice don ta dogon, lanceolate, bluish ganye tare da kashin baya marginsTsayinsa yana kusa 60 cm amma yana iya kaiwa har zuwa 2 mita a diamita. Zagayowar rayuwa ga girbi jeri daga Shekaru 6 da 10Yana da matukar damuwa ga sanyi, don haka yana buƙatar yanayi mai dumi, bushewa. Wadannan tsire-tsire ana noma su sosai a Jalisco da yankuna masu girma na Mexico.
- Mahimmancin tattalin arziki: tushe na masana'antar tequila.
- Karbuwa: na musamman metabolism don tsira fari.
- Note: Dasa shuki yana iyakance bambancin jinsin halitta, wanda zai iya fallasa amfanin gona ga kwari da cututtuka.
11. Agave victoriae-reginae
Daya daga cikin mafi m agaves, da Agave victoriae-reginae Yana da jauhari mai ƙayatarwa zuwa arewacin Mexico. Siffar kananan, m rosettes (har zuwa 20 cm tsayi), tare da gajere, ganye masu kauri waɗanda ke da kyan gani na ado saboda su Fararen layi. Tsawon rayuwarsa gajere ne (kimanin shekaru 5), amma kafin ya mutu yana samar da furen furen 1 m. Yana dawwama har zuwa -10ºC kuma ana ɗokin sha'awar a cikin mafi ƙarancin tarin tarin da lambuna.
- Tauraro a cikin xeriscaping: yana jure matsanancin fari da ƙarancin zafi.
- Rare a furanni: Yawancin samfurori ana girma ne don siffar su da launi.
12. Agave angustifolia (Sprat)
El Agave angustifoliada aka sani da sprat, shine shi mafi yawan amfani da su don samar da mezcal a Mexico, wakiltar har zuwa 80% na albarkatun kasa don mezcal. Ganyenta sune kunkuntar, elongated kuma tare da ƙananan kashin bayaYa shahara sosai don saurin haɓakarsa (yana girma a cikin shekaru 6-8) da haɓakar sukari mai yawa. Mai sauƙin daidaitawa ga ƙasa da yanayin yanayi daban-daban, ɗanɗanon sa ya bambanta dangane da yankin da hanyar samar da mezcal.
- Yana amfani: mezcal, shinge, kayan ado.
- Son saniA Oaxaca, ana kiran matashin espadÃn mezcal "mezcal minero" lokacin da yake da inganci.
13. Agave marmorata (Tepeztate)
Da ake kira tepeztate saboda yana girma a kan duwatsu da wurare masu duwatsu. Agave marmorata Yana daya daga cikin mafi dadewa (har zuwa shekaru 25 a cikin daji). Fad'in ganyen sa masu nama suna jure matsanancin fari kuma ana gane su ta hanyar jijiyar marmara. Mai daraja sosai a samar da mezcal don sa hayaki, na fure da É—anÉ—ano kaÉ—anYana da wahala a sake haifuwa, saboda yana yaduwa ta hanyar iri kuma da wuya ya samar da masu tsotsa.
- Rarraba: Oaxaca, Puebla da yankuna masu bushewa.
- Ƙimar muhalli: tushen abinci don pollinating jemagu a lokacin fure.
14. Agave rhodacantha (Mexican, Cuixe, Espadillon)
El Agave rhodacantha An bambanta shi da kyawawan bayyanarsa da kunkuntar, dogayen ganye tare da tsananin launi fiye da espadÃn. Yana da daraja sosai a cikin samar da "Mexican" mezcal kuma ga siffofi na musamman da yake É—auka dangane da microclimate. Ana iya kiran samfuransa cuixe, espadillón, ko largo dangane da yankin. Ana amfani dashi duka a cikin noma da kuma tarin daji.
- Rarraba: Oaxaca, Guerrero da wuraren tsaunuka.
- Siffar dandano: Floral mezcal tare da kayan lambu.
15. Agave karwinskii (Cuishe, Tobaziche, Cirial)
Wannan agave, endemic zuwa Oaxaca, yana tasowa dogaye, bakin ciki mai tushe (saboda haka ma'anar ma'anar cirial) da alfarwa mai tsayi, mai kauri, da 'yan ganye. Yana da sunayen yanki da yawa dangane da siffar shukar da yankin. Agave karwinskii mezcal ana nemansa sosai saboda 'ya'yansa da ƙasƙanci. Yana girma duka da noma da kuma cikin daji.
- Yana amfani: mezcal, ƙayyadaddun ƙasa da shinge masu rai.
- Banbancin ra'ayi: Har zuwa subtypes 12 da aka sani a OAXACA.
16. Agave cupreata (Papalote, Ancho)
Domin yankin Guerrero da Michoacán, da Agave kofin Yana da mahimmanci a cikin samar da mezcals na artisanal godiya ga sa kashin kashin jan karfe da kauri, gajerun ganyeBalagarsa na iya ɗaukar fiye da shekaru 10, kuma ana jin daɗin ɗanɗanon sa don bayanin kula na 'ya'yan itace cikakke, furanni orange da kuma wani lokacin koko mai ɗaci.
- Aikace-aikace na gargajiya: samar da mezcal, fibers da delimitations.
- Rarraba: Sierra Madre del Sur.
17. Agave univittata
Wannan kananan nau'in, irin na arewa maso gabashin Mexico da Texas, sananne ne ga ta kananan ganye amma mai yawan sukariYana da mahimmanci don samar da zuma agave, mezcal na yanki, kuma a matsayin tsire-tsire na ado. Ana noma shi a duka Mexico da Kudancin Amurka.
- Ayyukan: kunkuntar ganye, m size, manufa domin kananan lambuna.
18. Agave durangensis (Cenizo)
Asali daga Durango da Zacatecas, da Agave durangensis Ana amfani dashi don duka pulque da mezcal. An bambanta da ta m, launin toka (ashy) ganye da jinkirin girma, yana É—aukar shekaru 9 zuwa 13 don girma. Sakamakon mezcal yawanci mai dadi ne kuma mai tsami, ana godiya sosai a arewacin Mexico.
- Yana amfani: mezcal da pulque.
- Resistance: daidaitawa zuwa yankuna masu bushewa da ƙarancin ruwan sama.
Yadda za a bambanta da zabi mafi kyawun nau'in agave?
Zaɓin nau'in agave don lambun ku, gonar ku, ko don amfani mai amfani ya haɗa da kimantawa:
- Sauyin yanayi da ƙasaWasu nau'ikan suna buƙatar yanayi mai dumi (tequilana, sisalana), yayin da wasu suna jure wa sanyi (parryi, victoriae-reginae). Koyi game da tsire-tsire masu jure sanyi.
- sarari da ɗaukaDaga compacts kamar Victoriae-reginae ko Geminiflora zuwa ƙattai kamar Americana ko Salmiana. Hakanan zaka iya bincika wasu crss da succulent waɗanda ke haɗuwa da kyau a cikin lambunan xerophytic.
- Amfanin da ake tsammani: Ado, samar da mezcal, tequila, pulque ko fiber.
- Yin juriyaWasu nau'ikan suna samar da masu tsotsa da yawa wasu kuma iri ne kawai.
Curiosities, pollination da kuma kiyaye agaves
da Agaves su ne monocarpic: Suna yin fure sau ɗaya kawai, suna samar da inflorescence mai ban mamaki kafin su mutu. A lokacin wannan tsari, suna aiki azaman abinci ga jemagu, hummingbirds da sauran mahimman abubuwan pollinators don bambancin halittun halittu. Don ƙarin koyo game da tsire-tsire masu fure ɗaya, zaku iya ziyarta Menene tsire-tsire monocarpic? a shafinmu.
A wasu lokuta, dogara ga kiwo na clonal (zuriya iri É—aya) na iya rage bambance-bambance kuma ya sa jama'a su kasance cikin haÉ—ari ga kwari da cututtuka. Don haka, kiyayewa da yada agaves daji Yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar halittu da ci gaba da al'adun mezcal da tequila. Yi amfani da wannan damar don tuntuba Menene tsotsa?.
Agaves sun fi tsire-tsire masu kyan gani masu kyan gani: suna wakiltar gado muhalli, tattalin arziki da al'adu Millenary. Fahimtar nau'o'in su, amfani da su, da mahimmancin su yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu da zaɓar mafi kyawun zaɓi don kowace bukata, ko a cikin lambu, masana'antu, ko gastronomy. Idan kuna sha'awar zurfafa zurfafa ko fara tarin tarin, ku tuna cewa kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i) nau’i-nau’i-nau’i na tarihi yana da nasa tarihinsa da kulawarsa da kuma nasa daban. Wanne yafi baka mamaki?
