da cactus Suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa kuma na musamman na iyalai na tsire-tsire a cikin duniyar shuka. Daidaituwarsu, juriyarsu, musamman kyawun kyawun furanninsu ya sanya su a matsayin gwanaye a fannin aikin lambu da kimiyyar tsirrai. Kodayake yawanci ana danganta su da farko tare da shimfidar hamada, cacti boye Fasali na musamman wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa da bunƙasa a cikin mafi tsananin yanayi. Koyi cikin zurfin halaye, kulawa, bambancin, bambancin, da ƙari game da cacti da kuma takaddunsu zuwa ga abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da girma su a gida ko a gonar.
Asalin, tarihi da taxonomy na cacti
Iyalin cacti, wanda aka fi sani da cactus ko cacti, ya samo asali a ciki Amurka, kuma ana wakilta ta da ɗimbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka dace da wuraren zama daban-daban, daga busasshiyar hamada zuwa gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Ko da yake mafi yawansu suna cikin nahiyar Amurka, akwai wasu fitattun keɓanta, kamar su Rhipsalis baccifera, wanda aka samu a Afirka, Madagascar da Sri Lanka, yana yaduwa zuwa yankuna da ke wajen Amurka ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar sufuri ta tsuntsaye masu hijira ko ayyukan mutane.
Wannan iyali mai ban mamaki ya samo asali ne bayan dogon tsarin juyin halitta wanda ya ba da damar membobinsa su dace da mahalli masu iyakacin albarkatun ruwa. A hakika, cacti Ana la'akari da su ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin shuka mafi tsufa kuma mafi juriya, masu iya rayuwa cikin matsanancin yanayi godiya ga su succulent ilimin halittar jiki da sifofi na musamman kamar su areola, daga inda ƙaya da furanni ke fitowa. A halin yanzu, akwai fiye da Nau'in 2.500 bayyana kuma kusa da 153 nau'ikan, an kasu zuwa manyan gidaje huɗu: Pereskioideae (tare da ingantaccen ganye), Opuntioideae (pears ko nopales), Maihuenioideae (ƙananan nau'ikan da aka iyakance ga ƙasa) da cactoideae (mafi girma kuma mafi bambancin).
Cacti sun kasance batun batun noma da karatu don kayan ado, kayan abinci, da ƙimar muhalli. Juriya da damuwa na ruwa, godiya ga gyare-gyare irin su CAM metabolism don musayar iskar gas a cikin dare, ya karfafa bincike da yawa a cikin ingancin amfani da ruwa da kuma photosynthesis.
Menene cacti kuma menene ainihin halayen su?
da cactus na cikin masarautar Plantae, a cikin dangin Cactaceae. Tsire-tsire ne da suka samo asali don adana ruwa kuma suna jure wa dogon lokaci na fari, suna ba su damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai bushe da matsanancin yanayi. Daga cikin fasali fasali Daga cikin cacti akwai:
- Tushen sama da fadi: suna ba su damar É—aukar danshi cikin sauri bayan hazo.
- Succulent mai tushe: Masu kauri da nama, suna aiki a matsayin tafkunan ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki; su ne kore da kuma photosynthetic.
- Horaya: ci gaba a maimakon ganye, suna ba da aiki biyu: rage asarar ruwa da kariya daga herbivores.
- Areola: tsari na musamman wanda duka ƙaya da sababbin furanni da harbe suka tashi.
- Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM): musayar iskar gas na dare don rage asarar ruwa.
- Fure-fure masu ban mamaki da iri-iri: Yawancin lokaci suna kadaici da hermaphroditic, tare da launuka masu haske da ban mamaki, kuma wani lokacin girma a girman idan aka kwatanta da shuka da ke tallafa musu.
El kara Cacti na iya É—aukar nau'ikan ilimin halittar jiki daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da rarrabuwa na asali dangane da girman su:
- cladode: lallausan kara kamar a nopales.
- Kayani: cylindrical kara, kamar yadda a cikin saguaros.
- Globose: mai zagaye mai tushe, kamar a cikin biznagas da mammillarias.
Wasu nau'ikan ba su da kashin baya, musamman idan an shuka su kuma aka zaɓa don wannan dalili, kamar Opuntia fig-indica, don haka zama mafi amfani a matsayin abinci ga dabbobi ko a cikin gastronomy.
Juyin Halitta da bambancin muhalli na cacti
El tsarin juyin halitta na cacti ya ba da izinin tarwatsa su da daidaitawa zuwa yankuna daban-daban na duniyar, kodayake kewayon asalinsu ya iyakance kusan kawai ga nahiyar Amurka. Ta hanyar haɗin kai na juyin halitta, yawancin cacti sun sami kamanceceniya da sauran abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa, wanda galibi ke haifar da rudani a cikin gano nau'in. Duk da haka, areola Yana ci gaba da kasancewa keɓantaccen fasalin mafi kyawun dangin Cactaceae.
Bambance-bambancen cacti shine wanda zamu iya samun su daga matakin teku zuwa manyan tsaunuka, a cikin hamada, filayen bakin teku, dazuzzuka har ma a cikin yanayin epiphytic (girma akan bishiyoyi). A cikin yanayi mara kyau, rayuwar su ta dogara musamman akan ingancin kayan aikin tarin ruwa da ajiya, yayin da yake cikin wurare masu laushi da inuwa, kamar yadda ya faru tare da nau'in epiphytic, sun samo asali na daidaitawa don cin gajiyar yanayin zafi da tace haske daga cikin ƙasa.
Yadda za a gane cactus: ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin halittar jiki
Gano cactus ya wuce neman kaifi mai kaifi. Akwai mahimman abubuwan da ke taimaka muku gane É—aya:
- Areola (ƙananan pads ko nuclei inda spines da furanni ke tasowa) sun keɓanta ga cacti.
- Photosynthetic mai tushe maimakon ganye, galibi ana lullube su da kakin zuma don hana fitar da ruwa.
- Tushen masu faɗi amma na zahiri wanda ke amfani da ƙananan adadin zafi na yanayi.
- Furanni masu ban sha'awa wanda, a yawancin nau'ikan, yana bayyana ne kawai bayan shekaru da yawa na rayuwa.
Wani abu mai mahimmanci shi ne cewa wasu cacti kawai suna haɓaka furen su na farko bayan sun kai shekaru masu yawa ko kuma sun wuce wani girman, wanda zai iya ɗaukar shekarun da suka wuce a cikin manyan nau'in nau'in saguaros.
Furen Cactus: halaye da peculiarities
da cactus Bloom karkashin ingantattun sharuddan, da su flores Suna hamayya da kowace shuka a girma, siffa, da launi. Mafi kyawun halayen furannin cactus sune:
- Furanni yawanci manyan, kadaici da hermaphrodite., tare da tsarin karkace da adadi mai yawa na petals da sepals (tepals).
- Sau da yawa suna da launuka masu haske daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda, rawaya, orange, ja ko shunayya, kuma ana yaba su sosai a aikin lambu na ado.
- Rayuwarsu yawanci gajere ce, wanda zai iya wucewa daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa kwanaki da yawa.
- Yawancin cacti suna fure a cikin bazara ko lokacin rani., ko da yake akwai nau'ikan da ke yin haka da daddare (furanni na dare) don jawo hankalin masu yin pollin musamman, kamar jemagu ko asu.
- Ovary na furanni yana da ƙasa kuma 'ya'yan itacen yawanci baciform ne. (kamar berry).
Wasu nau'ikan, kamar mammillaria y Coryphanta, samar da rawanin ban sha'awa na ƙananan furanni, yayin da wasu irin su Aporocactus nuna furanni masu launi, tubular a kan mai tushe da aka rataye. Wasu, kamar su star cactus (astrophytum ornatum), ana siffanta su da furanni masu rukuni a cikin inuwa daga kore zuwa rawaya mai tsanani, suna haifar da kyan gani na musamman.
Nau'in cacti: babban iyali
- Cactus tare da lebur tushe (cladode): Kamar yadda pear mai tsini, tare da ƙwanƙwasa, mai tushe mai siffar raket.
- Columnar cacti: Kamar yadda saguaros, wanda zai iya girma a tsaye har zuwa mita da yawa.
- Globose cacti: Kamar echinocactus (kujerun surukai) ko mammillaria, suna da spherical, m mai tushe, sau da yawa rufe da gajere ko ulu spines.
Daga cikin murtsatsi tare da furanni Mafi daraja saboda kyawun su da sauƙin noman su sune:
- fraileana mammillaria: ɗan ƙasar Mexico, siffa mai silindi, launin ja-ja-jaja da furanni ruwan hoda mai siffar kararrawa.
- Astrophytum ornatum (cactus tauraro): Ya yi fice ga haƙarƙarinsa madaidaiciya ko karkace da furanninsa masu tsananin rawaya.
- Coryphanta: ƙananan, mai siffar zobe, yana samar da furanni a cikin inuwa daban-daban da gajeren lokaci.
- Aporocactus: tare da dogayen, mai tushe mai tushe, tare da furanni ja ko ruwan hoda mai ban mamaki.
Shekaru nawa ake É—auka don cacti yayi fure?
La flowering na cacti Ya dogara da dalilai kamar nau'in, yanayin muhalli, da shekarun shuka. Wasu nau'in na iya yin fure bayan shekaru 2 ko 3, musamman ma ƙananan waɗanda suke girma a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi, yayin da na columnar ko giant jinsin, wannan tsari zai iya ɗaukar fiye da shekaru 50 kuma yana faruwa ne kawai da zarar shuka ya kai wani tsayi ko girma.
Bayan furen farko, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna nuna zagayowar furanni na shekara-shekara, suna maimaita abin kallo kowace kakar. Haƙuri yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda ko da a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, ba duk tsire-tsire za su yi fure kowace shekara ba.
Muhimman kulawar cactus
Cacti sun cancanci samun suna tsire-tsire masu sauƙin kulawa, amma don kula da lafiyarsa da kyawunsa yana da mahimmanci a san ainihin bukatunsa:
Haske da zazzabi
Yawancin cacti suna jure wa kai tsaye rana, amma wasu, musamman epiphytes da nau'in samari, suna buƙatar inuwa ta ɗan lokaci ko haske mai yaduwa. Fuskantar hasken rana mai tsanani na iya haifar da kunar rana, musamman a lokacin mafi zafi.
Matsayi mai kyau Ya bambanta da nau'in, amma ana ba da shawarar gabaɗaya don guje wa yanayin zafi da ke faɗuwa ƙasa da 7-10 ° C a lokacin hunturu. Epiphytic cacti ba su da jurewa sanyi kuma sun fi son wurare masu zafi, mafi matsuguni.
Watse
El watering da cacti Abu ne mai mahimmanci. Kuskuren ban ruwa sune mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsaloli:
- A cikin bazara, lokacin da aikin ciyayi ya fara, ruwa kowane kwanaki 10-12; ƙara mita a lokacin rani zuwa kowane kwanaki 4-8 dangane da yanayi da fallasa.
- A cikin kaka, rage mita zuwa kowane kwanaki 8-10, kuma a lokacin hunturu, sararin samaniya ya fi girma (kowane kwanaki 20-40).
- Koyaushe ba da izinin substrate ya bushe gaba É—aya tsakanin waterings. Ka guji zubar ruwa.
- Kada a sha ruwa a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 10ºC (haɗarin rubewa).
- da cactus na cikin gida Suna buƙatar ƙarancin ruwa, amma kar a bar substrate ya bushe gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayin zafi.
Substrate da takin
El manufa ƙasa domin cacti dole ne ya samar da kyau kwarai magudanar ruwaYi amfani da ƙayyadaddun gaurayawan cactus, ko haɗin ƙasa mai manufa duka, yashi mara nauyi, da perlite. Taki a lokacin girma tare da takin mai magani mai ƙarancin nitrogen kuma mai girma a cikin phosphorus da potassium.
Dasawa
Sake dasawa yana da mahimmanci kowane shekara 2-3 ko kuma lokacin da cactus ya cika akwati duka. Amfani safar hannu mai kauri ko jarida don guje wa lalata ƙaya kuma guje wa lalata tushen. Idan wani saiwoyi ya lalace sai a yayyafa musu gawayi kar a sha ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 10.
Zafi
Duk da yake cacti yana jure wa yanayin bushewa, wasu nau'ikan, musamman epiphytes, suna godiya da ƙarin yanayin ɗanɗano. A cikin zafi mai zafi, ruwa lokaci-lokaci don hana substrate daga bushewa gaba ɗaya.
Kwari, cututtuka, da matsalolin gama gari a cikin cacti
da abokan gaba na cacti sun hada da:
- Ban ruwa mai wuce gona da iri: yana haifar da fungi da rubewar tushen sa.
- Rashin haske: yana haifar da cacti don shimfiÉ—a (bakin ciki) kuma ya rasa siffar su.
- Karin kwari: Mealybugs, mites da aphids na iya kai hari ga cacti, musamman a cikin rufaffiyar mahalli da É—anÉ—ano.
- Kumburi ko raunuka: fallasa tsire-tsire zuwa cututtukan fungal.
- rashin abinci mai gina jiki: bayyana a cikin jinkirin girma, asarar launi ko rashin fure.
Amfani da cacti: kayan ado, edible da muhalli
Baya ga darajar ado da aka yi musu, da Cacti yana da amfani sosai:
- Abinci: wasu nau'ikan irin su Opuntia fig-indica kera 'ya'yan itãcen marmari masu ci (Prickly pears ko prickly pears) da 'ya'yan ganye ana cinye su azaman kayan lambu (nopalitos).
- Magani: Wasu ana amfani da su a maganin gargajiya don magance raunuka, matsalolin narkewar abinci ko a matsayin tushen antioxidants.
- Na ado: Ana amfani da su sosai a cikin tukwane, lambuna da xeriscaping saboda ƙarancin shan ruwa da kyawun surarsu da furanni.
- Shingayen rayuwa: wasu nau'in ginshiƙai suna aiki azaman shinge na halitta don iyakance kaddarorin ko kare amfanin gona.
- Tsarin muhalli: Cacti na daji suna ba da mafaka ga nau'ikan namun daji da yawa, gami da tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kwari.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da cacti da furanninsu
- Wasu katon cacti Suna iya rayuwa fiye da shekaru 200 kuma sun wuce mita 15-20 a tsayi, kamar su saguaros o teasels.
- Mafi kankantar cactus, Blosfeldia lilliputiana, da kyar ya kai rabin santimita a diamita.
- Furen wasu nau'ikan, irin su sarauniyar dare (Selenicereus grandiflorus), dare É—aya kawai suke yi, suna buÉ—ewa da maraice kuma suna bushewa da isowar rana.
- A zamanin d ¯ a, kalmar "cactus" a zahiri ta keɓance sarƙaƙƙiya kuma Theophrastus da sauran marubutan gargajiya sun yi amfani da su tun kafin Linnaeus ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta cacti na Amurka.
Cactus ko succulents? Bambance-bambance da kamanceceniya
Duk cacti succulents, amma ba duk succulents ne cacti. Babban bambanci yana cikin gaban areolas a cikin cacti, keɓance ga dangin Cactaceae. Yawancin succulents daga wasu iyalai, kamar echeveria o Aloe Vera, na iya ruɗewa ta wurin kamanninsu na jiki da juriya ga fari, amma ba su da yanki kuma suna da wasu sifofi na musamman akan ganye da mai tushe.
Taxonomy da rarraba cacti
- Masarauta: Shuka
- Rarraba: magnoliophyta
- Class magnoliopsida
- Oda: Caryophyllales
- Iyali: cacti
A cikin dangin Cactaceae, babban yanki yana cikin gidaje hudu:
- Pereskioideae: nau'in na farko tare da ganyayyaki masu tasowa.
- Opuntioideae: ya hada da nopales da prickly pears.
- Maihuenioideae: iyakance ga Argentina da Chile.
- cactoideae: mafi fadi kuma mafi rarraba.
Misalai na cacti tare da furanni masu ban sha'awa
- Astrophytum ornatum (tauraro cactus): Yana da haƙarƙari waɗanda suka bayyana suna samar da tauraro da furanni rawaya masu tsananin gaske.
- Mammillaria fraileana: tare da furanni masu siffar kararrawa ruwan hoda da 'ya'yan itace ja.
- Coryphanta: furanni masu launuka iri-iri da sauƙin yaduwa.
- Aporocactus: tubular, perennial furanni a kan rataye mai tushe.
- Epiphyllum (cactus orchid): tare da furanni na dare na ban mamaki girma da ƙamshi mai tsanani.
- Echinopsis: Suna samar da manya-manyan furanni masu kama da ƙaho, masu ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Girma cacti a gida: shawarwari masu amfani
Juya gidan ku zuwa ƙarami lambun kakakus Yana da sauƙi idan kun bi waɗannan shawarwari:
- Zaba nau'ikan da suka dace da nau'in hasken da ke akwaiGlobose ko cacti columnar yana buƙatar ƙarin rana; epiphytes suna buƙatar ƙarin wurare masu kariya.
- Evita sanyi zayyana da kwatsam canje-canje a yanayin zafi.
- Ruwa kawai lokacin da abin da ke cikin ya bushe kuma kada ku bar ruwa a tsaye a cikin saucer a ƙarƙashin tukunyar.
- Amfani da-drained substrates sannan a zuba tsakuwa ko yashi a kasan tukunyar domin inganta ruwa.
- A cikin tukwane, zaɓi kwantena waɗanda ba su da zurfi sosai kuma daidai da girman shuka.
Cacti ya kasance ɗayan mafi daidaitawa da ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki a duniyarmu. Ƙarfinsu na bunƙasa a cikin yanayi mai tsauri, nau'o'in su na musamman, da kuma sihiri na furen su ya sa su zama abokan tarayya masu kyau ga waɗanda ke neman tsire-tsire masu tsayi tare da darajar ado mai girma da ƙananan bukatun ruwa. Samun cacti a cikin gidanku ko lambun ku shima gayyata ce don lura da yanayin yanayi da motsa jiki cikin haƙuri, ana samun lada lokacin da aka daɗe ana jira, gajere amma fure mai ban mamaki ya bayyana.
