El aguacate (Persea americana) An dauki ɗayan mafi mahimmanci da kuma mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace tsire-tsire a cikin duniya, musamman ma canjin yanayi da kuma canjin yanayi. Godiya ga babbar bambance-bambancen iri, yana yiwuwa a sami samfuran da ke haifar da haske mai sanyi zuwa -2 ƙasa da nau'ikan yanayin dumama da yanayin zafi. Ana gane wannan bishiyar ba don darajar dafinta kawai ba, har ma don ƙawancinta na ado da kuma iya samar da inuwa mai yawa, wanda ya sa ya zama kyakkyawan zabi ga lambuna, gonaki, da wuraren jama'a, da kuma noma mai zurfi.
Girma avocados a gida Yana ba da tabbacin sabo, 'ya'yan itace mai kyau sau da yawa na shekara, tare da isasshen yawan amfanin ƙasa don ciyar da duka dangi. Bugu da ƙari, saurin girma da sauƙin hanzari na yin aiki avocados sanannen sanannun zaɓaɓɓu don duka masu son lambu da ƙwararrun lambu lambu.
Taxonomy da na kowa sunayen avocado
Botanically, avocado na cikin iyali lauraceae. Sunan kimiyya shine Persea americanaDa alama sananne ne da avocado, avocado, Palta, ADTE, Aguacatillo, Abcado ko Palto, dangane da yankin.
- Masarauta: Shuka
- Oda: Laurales
- Iyali: lauraceae
- Jinsi: Farisa
- Jinsunan: P. Amurka
Kalmar "Avocado" ta samo asali daga Nahuatl AHUACATL, wanda ke nufin 'ya'yan itacen da kanta da kuma kwatancen yanayi wanda ya danganta da siffar. A Kudancin Amirka, musamman a ƙasashen Andean, ana kiranta da "palta," sunan da aka samo daga Quechua wanda ke nuna ƙabilar 'yan asalin da ke zaune a kudancin Ecuador da arewacin Peru.
Asalin da juyin halittar avocado
Avocado na asali ne zuwa Mesoamerica, musamman daga tsakiya da gabashin Mexico, yana yaduwa daga can zuwa Guatemala, Costa Rica, da sauran sassan Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amirka. Shaidar archaeological game da amfaninta da kuma zama na cikin gida sun kasance fiye da shekaru 8.000, tare da ragowar da aka samu a kwarin Tehuacán a Puebla, Mexico. Ta hanyar ƙetare pollination da ƙaura na halitta da ɗan adam, nau'in ya bambanta sosai, wanda ya haifar da nau'ikan nau'ikan gida da yawa.
A yau, ana noman avocado a cikin ƙasashe sama da 46 na duniya, waɗanda suka haɗa da wurare masu zafi da wurare masu zafi na Amurka, Afirka, Asiya, da Turai (mafi yawa a yankunan Rum kamar Spain da Isra'ila). Mexico shine jagoran mai samarwa da mai samarwa na duniya, da kuma Jamhuriyar Dominica, Peru, Indonesia, Columbia, da sauran kasashe.
Bayanin Botanical na bishiyar avocado
Avocado ne a babban bishiya mara kori, tare da tsawo wanda zai iya wuce mita 20-30 a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi da kuma isa ga diamita na kambi na har zuwa 7-14 methimens. Haushi yana launin toka-kore, tare da wadatattun labarai na tsaye. Gangar za ta iya zama madaidaiciya ko ɗan murɗawa, tare da tsari mai rassa da kambi mai yawa, shimfidawa, ko globose, manufa don samar da inuwa a cikin lambuna da amfanin gona.
- Takaddun: Madadin, elliptical ko ovate, tare da nau'in nau'in fata, gefuna masu kauri kaɗan, kore mai haske a sama da farar fata a ƙasa, tsayin 8-20 cm, da petiole 2-5 cm. Ganyayyaki na iya haifar da ƙanshin ƙira lokacin da aka murƙushe.
- Furanni: Ƙananan, sun taru a cikin panicles, fari zuwa launin rawaya-kore, da aunawa tsakanin 4 zuwa 10 mm, hermaphroditic ne amma suna nuna nau'i-nau'i na protogynous dichogamy, ma'ana gabobin su maza da mata suna girma a lokuta daban-daban, yin hadi da kai da wahala da inganta giciye-pollination.
- 'Ya'yan itace: A zahiri a Berry a Berry, yana iya zama ovid, pear-dimbin, ko elliptical, dangane da iri-iri. Girman sa ya fito daga 8 zuwa 33 cm tsayi da 7 zuwa 15 cm fadi. Fata na iya zama bakin ciki ko kauri, mai laushi ko m, da kewayon inuwar kore, shunayya, ko baki. Naman naman ya kasance mai ƙarfi, tabbatacce, rawaya zuwa haske mai haske, kuma mai arziki a cikin lebe lipids. A ciki babban ne, mai wahala, zuriyar launuka, 5-7 cm a diamita.
Bishiyoyin Avocado na iya rayuwa daga shekaru 40 zuwa 60 a karkashin yanayin girma mai kyau, kodayake a gonakin kasuwanci, ana sabunta bishiyoyi a kowace shekara biyu ko talatin.
Iri da nau'in avocado
Akwai daruruwan iri da kuma hybrids na avocado, wanda aka haɗa galibi zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan tsirrai guda uku:
- Mexican (P. Amurka Akwai. bushewa): Mai jure sanyi, tare da ƙananan ganye, kayan ƙanshi. Ƙananan 'ya'yan itatuwa, bakin ciki, fata mai duhu. Girma a cikin manyan tudu.
- Guatemala (P. Amurka Akwai. guatemalensis): Matsakaici zuwa manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa, mai kauri da m fata. Mafi jure damuwa ga cututtukan Mexican. Yayi daidai da sauyin ƙasa da yanayi.
- Antillian (P. Amurka Akwai. americana): An daidaita shi da yanayin dumi, ɗanɗanar yanayi na wurare masu zafi. Manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa, bakin ciki, fata mai santsi, kuma ƙasa da tsayayya ga sanyi.
Yawancin avocados da aka girma sune na halitta ko zaba hybrids daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in nau'ikan guda uku, wanda ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan kasuwanci masu shahara:
- Hass: Asalin a California. Mai kauri, fata mai kauri, da wrinkled fata ya juya daga kore zuwa baƙar fata a kan ripening. Creamy, nama maras fiber. Kyakkyawan dandano, babban abun ciki mai yawa. Mai juriya ga cututtuka da yanayin zafi mai sauƙi. Shine mafi yawan launuka iri-iri a duniya.
- Mai ƙarfi: Matasa iri-iri na asalin Californian-Mexica. Yana da 'ya'yan itace masu matsakaicin girma tare da ɗigon fata koren kuma suna girma a lokacin hunturu. Yana da sananne don ɗanɗanon sa mai laushi da kyakkyawan amfanin ƙasa.
- Ettinger: Dan ƙasar Isra'ila. Koren 'ya'yan itace, bakin ciki, fata mai sheki, da ɗanɗano mai laushi. Kyakkyawan juriya ga jigilar kaya.
- Naman alade: Asalin zuwa California. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne, tare da bakin ciki, fata mai haske. Da wuri, matsakaicin sanyi-hardy.
- Zutano: Siffar Oval, tare da bakin ciki, fata mai haske. Babban abun ciki na iri dangane da ɓangaren litattafan almara. Ripens a cikin kaka da kuma hunturu.
- Reid: Sifai siffar, manyan girma (har zuwa 400 g), santsi, fata kore. Kyakkyawan jiki mai inganci wanda baya iya oxidize da sauri bayan yankan.
- Black Cross: Daga Chile, m zuwa fata fata, mai jure da ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Ya shahara sosai a Kudancin Amurka.
- Lula, Nabal, Booth: Sauran nau'ikan kasuwanci a cikin kasashe daban-daban.
Kowane iri-iri yana da halayensa waɗanda suka dace da yanayi daban-daban, ƙasa, da buƙatun kasuwa. Zaɓin nau'in da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don samun nasarar amfanin gona, musamman idan an shuka iri da yawa don haɓaka giciye da yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Ƙasa, yanayi da buƙatun tsayi
Avocado yana buƙatar ƙasa mai ruwa mai kyau, zurfin (ƙaramin 80 cm), tare da madaidaiciyar tsari da ingantaccen kwayoyin halitta. Ya fi son tsaka tsaki ko ɗan acidic pH (5,5 zuwa 7), kodayake wasu nau'ikan, irin su nau'in Antillean, jure wa ƙasa mai laushi har ma da salinity mai laushi.
- Tsawo: Ana girma daga matakin teku zuwa tsayin mita 2.500 sama da matakin teku, dangane da nau'in. Iri-iri na Mexiko yana jure wa mafi tsayi da yanayin sanyi.
- Zazzabi: Mafi kyawun yanayin zafi yana daga 22 zuwa 26 ° C; Yana iya jure lows -2 ° C (HASS, Fueere, Bropp de La Cruz), amma ba zai iya tsayayya da tsawancin tsawan sanyi ba.
- Zafi: Ya fi son yanayin gumi ko yanayin Semi tare da yanayin bushewa da kuma lokutan bushewa da ruwan sama a kai a kai. Kada a taɓa ƙasa ta kasance cikin ruwa.
- Iska: rassan da ganyen avocado suna da rauni, don haka ya kamata a kiyaye shi daga iska mai yawa ta hanyar iska ko shingen shuka.
Yawan danshi ko ƙasa mai nauyi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtukan tushen kamar su tushen rot, Yayin da tsawan tsawan tsawan yakan haifar da ganye da 'ya'yan itace digo, rage ingancin da yawan amfanin gona.
Tushen tsarin da bukatun ruwa
Tushen tushen Avocado shine na sama, tare da lafiya kuma sosai branched Tushen, wanda ya sa shi mai saurin kamuwa da ruwa da tushen asphyxiation. Ya kamata a guji yawan shayarwa kuma a tabbatar da magudanar ruwa mai kyau a cikin filin da kuma cikin tukunya.
Mitar da adadin shayarwa ya bambanta dangane da yanayi, matakin ci gaba, da nau'in ƙasa, amma yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da danshi a lokacin:
- Flowering da 'ya'yan itace saitin: Rashin ruwa a wannan matakin yana rage haihuwa da yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka kafa.
- Girma da ripening 'ya'yan itatuwa: Yana buƙatar yawan shayarwa don hana lokaci mai narkewa da haɓaka cika ɓangaren ɓangare.
A cikin yanayin zafi, ya kamata a yi watering kowane kowane kwanaki 2-3; A cikin hunturu, kowane kwanaki 5-7, zai fi dacewa da ruwan ruwan sama ko ruwa mai ƙarancin alli.
Gudanar da amfanin gona da shuka
Avocado dasa faruwa a cikin bazara ko a farkon lokacin dumi, lokacin da yanayin zafi ya wuce 10 ° C. Yana da mahimmanci don shirya ƙasa tare da zurfin tillage kuma tabbatar da malalewa mai kyau.
- Tsarin shuka: Ya danganta da girman ƙarshe na iri-iri, takaddar tsakanin bishiyoyi da layuka sun kasance daga 7x9 zuwa 10x12 mita. A cikin gonakin kasuwanci, bishiyoyi 100 zuwa 416 akan ana amfani da shi, gwargwadon tsarin (square, tsayayye, da sauransu).
- Ramin shuka: Dole ne su kasance aƙalla 60 cm a diamita da zurfin 50-60 cm.
- Tukwane mai tushe: Universal subrate gauraye da 30% perlite ko verliculite don tabbatar da ci gaba da magudanar ruwa.
Isasshen nisa yana ba da damar ci gaban alfarwa da shigarwa na haske, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don fure da fruiting.
Hakin Avocado da Gina Jiki
Avocado ne a itace mai bukata ta gina jiki, musamman a lokacin girma, furanni, da ƴaƴan itacen marmari. Yana da kyau a yi nazarin ƙasa da ganye don daidaita adadin taki, amma a matsayin jagora:
- Phosphorus: Mahimmanci don dasa shine amfani da takin zamani mai arziki na phosphorus (E.G., 10-30-10 dabara) zuwa kasan rami na dasa.
- Nitrogen: A cikin 'yan shekarun farko, yi amfani da 1 kg / shekara na girma na wani tsari mai arziki a cikin nitrogen da potassium (misali, 18-5-15-6-2), zuwa kashi uku aikace-aikace.
- Takin gargajiya: Haɗawa takin, matattir, ko guano a kusa da gangar jikin, a cikin adadin 2-3 cm lokacin farin ciki, sau ɗaya a lokacin girma.
- Abubuwan da aka gano: Aiwatar da abubuwan gano abubuwa kamar jan ƙarfe, zinc, manganese da boron ta hanyar aikace-aikacen foliar sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara.
Yankewa da kula da itatuwan avocado
El Avocado baya buƙatar horo mai zurfi pruning, amma yana da kyau a yi pruning kula da haske don inganta tsarinsa, sauƙaƙe aikin noma da inganta iska da shigarwar haske:
- Cire ƙananan, marasa lafiya, mai rauni ko kuma rassan da aka daidaita a farkon farkon kowace bazara.
- A cikin bishiyoyi masu tsayi, kula da girman gawa don guje wa matsaloli tare da iska ko kuma nauyin 'ya'yan itace.
Ya kamata a kiyaye raunuka mai ƙarfi tare da manna na fungacidal don hana shigowar fungi, musamman a cikin yanayin laima.
Girbi da yawan aiki
Avocado yana ɗaukar shekaru 3 zuwa 5 daga dasa don isa ga samar da kasuwanci, ya danganta da iri-iri da gudanarwa. Itace mai girma na iya samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa 150 zuwa 300 a kowace kakar, har ma fiye da mafi ƙarancin yanayi.
Mafi kyawun matakin balaga ya bambanta dangane da iri-iri da yanayin yanayi, amma yawanci ana ƙaddara ta canjin launi da ƙarfin jiki. 'Ya'yan itacen an girbe da hannu tare da dasa shears ko, don samfurori masu tsayi, ta amfani da sanduna tare da kwanduna don guje wa fashewa.
Farfagandar: Tsaba, grafting da sauran dabaru
Ana iya ninka avocado da iri, dasa kuma, ƙasa da yawa, ta hanyar yanke:
Multiara ta zuriya
- Cire zuriyar daga sabon avocado kuma wanke shi a hankali.
- Saka ciki cikin substate substate na vermiculite, perlite ko mix mai haske, ya bar sashin da ya fi shuɗewa yana fuskantar ƙasa kaɗan.
- Yayyafa saman da sulfur ko jan karfe don hana ci gaban fungi.
- Kula da zafi da zazzabi akai-akai na 18-25ºC, zai fi dacewa a wuri mai haske amma ba tare da hasken rana kai tsaye ba.
- Tushen da babban harbi suna bayyana a cikin makonni 3 zuwa 6.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bishiyoyin da ake girma daga iri ba koyaushe suke daidai da asalin shuka ba, don haka an fi son yin dasa a gonakin kasuwanci.
Yawa da yaduwa ta hanyar grafting
Grafting ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don Tabbatar da ingancin 'ya'yan itace da daidaitawa ga kasa da cututtukaNau'o'in da aka fi amfani da su na grafts sune:
- T-garkuwa (garkuwa)
- Tsintsaye
- Ƙungiya ta gefe ko tashoshi mai harbi
Tushen tushen yawanci shine tsiron da aka haɓaka da kyau (watanni 6-12, 1 cm a diamita), wanda aka saka sandar da aka zaɓa iri-iri. Bayan samun tushen, ana cire ɓangaren sama na tushen tushen a hankali.
Babban kwari na avocado
- Red Spider (Oligonychus Cheyarya, Tetranychus Urticae): Wani ƙaramin mite da ke samar da webs akan ganye na ganye, yana haifar da ganye mai rauni da rauni. An sarrafa shi da tafarnuwa, albasa, da chilicids cikin ruwa ko tare da acaricides na halitta.
- Leafroller (Platynota spp.): Tsutsa cewa folts da kuma ɗaure ganye tare da siliki, ciyar da su da rage yanayin hoto. Bacillus thuringiensis Yana da ingantaccen magani na halitta.
- Itace borer (Copturomimus persea), 'ya'yan itace iri borer (Heilipus lauri), avocado thrips (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis), 'ya'yan itace borer (Stenomema catenifer).
- Gall mite (Eriophyes sp.): Nakasar gani a cikin ganyayyaki da ƙananan harbe.
Haɗin gwiwar sarrafa kwari, wanda ya haɗa da amfani da shinge na shuka, ayyukan tsaftacewa, da sa ido akai-akai, shine mafi kyawun kayan aiki don rage lalacewa da rage amfani da sinadarai.
Cututtukan avocado na kowa
- Tushen rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi): A ƙasa-borne naman gwari wanda ke haifar da wilting, yellowing, da kuma mutuwa na bishiyoyi. An hana shi ta hanyar guje wa waterlogging da kuma amfani da tsarin fungicides lokacin da ya bayyana.
- Mildew (Oidium sp.): Naman gwari wanda ke shafar ganye, mai tushe, da 'ya'yan itatuwa, suna haifar da ɓarna da fararen fata. Nasiha na tsarin fungicides.
- Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloesporioides): Yana haifar da baƙar fata a kan 'ya'yan itatuwa da ganye, rage ingancin da shiryayye rayuwar' ya'yan itacen.
- Fusarium wilt (Fusarium sp.): Cutar fungal wacce zata fara a cikin tushen kuma ci gaba da kara, samar da farin foda da necrosis. Yin rigakafi ta hanyar sarrafa ruwa da magani na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci.
- Black spot ko Cercospora (Cercospora purpura): Launuka akan ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Makullin rage kamuwa da cututtuka ya ta'allaka ne a cikin zaɓin nau'ikan da ba su iya jurewa, sarrafa ruwa, da iskar da iska mai kyau da tsabtace amfanin gona.
Girma avocado a cikin tukunya
Ko da yake avocado ya kai girman girma. ana iya girma a cikin tukunya Shekaru da yawa, musamman tare da nau'ikan dwarf ko zaɓi rootstocks rootstocks. Abu ne da kyau ga wuraren shakatawa, porios, da kananan lambuna waɗanda ba su ba da damar cikakken ci gaba a cikin ƙasa.
- Yi amfani da akwati akasarin lita 50 da kuma dasawa zuwa mafi girma a kowace shekara 2-3.
- Zaɓi haske mai haske, mai iska na duniya tare da 30% perlite don inganta magudanar ruwa.
- Ka guji yawan ruwa kuma ka kare shuka daga zayyanawa da sanyi.
Bayan shekaru 5-8, bishiyar ba makawa za ta buƙaci a matsar da ita zuwa ƙasa ko a cikin akwati mafi girma don ci gaba da haɓakawa da 'ya'yan itace.
Amfani da Avocado: Culary, Magunguna da Ornamental
Ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da aikace-aikacen dafa abinci
Avocado yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu gina jiki da kuma' ya'yan itatuwa masu girma. Dabbar ta ƙunshi ruwa (70-73%), sunadarai (1,5-2%), lipids (14-22%), carbohydrates (6-8,5%) da babban taro na asusukan kitse masu narkewa mai amfani. Ba shi da choesterol ko wuce haddi mai sauki.
- Vitamin: A, E, K, C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6
- Ma'adanai: Potassium (400-485 mg / 100g), magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus
- Abincin fiber: 6-7 g/100 g
Ana amfani da shi a cikin salads, guacamole, sandwiches, sushi, da wuri, azaman shimfidawa akan burodi, kuma azaman sinadari a girke-girke marasa adadi a duk faɗin duniya. Ana kuma amfani da busasshen ganyen a matsayin kayan abinci na gargajiya na Mexico da Amurka ta tsakiya.
Magunguna da kayan kwalliya
Daga cikin amfanin avocado Sun yi fice don kaddarorin su na antioxidant (bitamin E), aikin cardioprotective (monounsaturated fatty acids), rage LDL cholesterol da haɓaka HDL, baya ga samar da babban gamsuwa da ba da gudummawa ga lafiyar narkewa.
- Amfani na yau da kullun na iya taimakawa jinkirta tsufa, karewa daga cututtukan daɗaɗa, da kuma sauƙaƙa ciwon kai mai mahimmanci.
- Ana godiya da mai a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta don kula da fata (hydration, elelationguity) da gashi (abinci mai gina jiki da haske).
- An yi amfani da ganyayyaki da haushi kamar yadda ake amfani da su a matsayin masu farawa da magunguna.
Duk da kyawawan dabi'unsa, saboda yawan kitse da kalori, ana ba da shawarar amfani da shi a cikin matsakaici, musamman a cikin abinci mai ƙarancin kalori ko kuma idan kun yi ɗan motsa jiki.
Muhimmancin tattalin arziki da wuraren samarwa
Avocado shine ɗayan 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka fi cinikin da aka yi ciniki a duk faɗin duniya. Mexico ce ke jagorantar samar da kayayyaki, tana fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashe 21, sannan Peru, Chile, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Indonesia, Colombia, da Spain (a Turai, musamman a yankin Bahar Rum). Amurka, Faransa, Japan, da Kanada sune manyan masu shigo da su.
Haɓaka buƙatun ƙasa da ƙasa ya haifar da faɗaɗa ciyayi, kodayake kuma yana haifar da ƙalubalen muhalli saboda yawan amfani da ruwa da kuma maye gurbin tsarin muhalli na asali. Gudanar da amfanin gona mai dorewa yana da mahimmanci zuwa nan gaba.
Nasihu na musamman da kulawa don nasarar avocado
- Zaɓi nau'ikan da suka dace da yanayin gida don haɓaka nasarar shuka da yawan aiki.
- Kare daga iska da kuma marigayi sanyi, musamman a farkon matakan ci gaba da kuma cikin nau'in mai saukin kamuwa.
- Guji karatuttukan ruwa da ci gaba da daidaita daidaiton daidaituwa, gani tare da kwayoyin halitta da takin foliar.
- Lokaci-lokaci ana lura da kasancewar kwari da cututtuka, ɗaukar haɗe-haɗen ayyuka don sarrafa su.
- A cikin ƙananan lambuna ko terraces, yi amfani da gandun daji na dwarfing ko dasa horarwa don iyakance girman da sauƙaƙe kulawa.
Avocado shuka ce mai daraja, mai amfani, kuma mai yawan gaske, tana da kyau ga waɗanda ke neman cin gajiyar yanayi a gidansu, gonar lambu, ko gonakinsu. Ta hanyar fahimtar bukatunsa da amfani da dabarun da suka dace da yanayi da ƙasa, yana yiwuwa a ji daɗin girbi mai yawa da 'ya'yan itace masu inganci na shekaru masu yawa.