Halaye, kulawa, kwari da cututtuka na shuka abarba: cikakken jagora

Halayen Shukar Abarba (abarba comosus)

Abarba itace tsire-tsire na wurare masu zafi na shekara-shekara na dangin Bromeliaceae, wanda aka sani da ƙimarsa ta abinci mai gina jiki da mahimmancin tattalin arzikinta a yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Ƙasar Brazil, ta yaɗu a duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, ta kafa kanta a samar da ƙasashe kamar Mexico, Costa Rica, Philippines, Thailand, China, da Amurka. Yana da sananne saboda 'ya'yan itacen nama, haifuwar ciyayi, da yanayin rayuwa wanda ya dace da yanayin dumi, ɗanɗano.

• Ilimin Halitta: Tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara tare da spiny ganye har zuwa 100 cm tsayi, an shirya shi a cikin rosette. Yana da ɗan gajeren tushe wanda inflorescence da harbe na gefe suka fito.
• Bloom: Furancinsa ruwan hoda wanda aka haɗa cikin ƙayatu suna samar da 'ya'yan itace da ake kira infructescences, waɗanda ke haɗa ovaries, bracts da axis na fure a cikin ɗan ƙaramin tsari.
• 'Ya'yan itace: 'Ya'yan itacen abarba mai nama ne, inflorescence mai fili, siffa mai siffa, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da ƙamshi mai daɗi. Yana tasowa ba tare da hadi ba (parthenocarpy).
• Bukatun muhalli: Abarba na bunƙasa a yanayin zafi tsakanin 25-32°C, matsanancin zafi na dangi, da ruwan sama tsakanin 1.000 zuwa 1.500 mm kowace shekara.

Noman Abarba da Yaduwa

Noman abarba na buƙatar dabaru masu kyau tun daga shirye-shiryen ƙasa zuwa yaduwa. Ana iya yin yaduwa daga rawanin rawanin, suckers ( harbe-harbe na gefe), ko sassan sassa. Masu noma sau da yawa sun fi son harbe-harbe na basal don ƙarfin ƙarfinsu, yana tabbatar da ƙarin iri ɗaya da girbi mai albarka.

• Shirye-shiryen ƙasa: Yana da mahimmanci don haɗawa takin kwayoyin halitta da kuma kawar da yuwuwar ragowar tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta ko nematodes.
• Disinfection: Dole ne a shafe harbe da mai tushe da aka yi amfani da su don kauce wa gabatarwar cututtuka irin su wilt, mealybugs ko rubewar girbi bayan girbi.
• Hanyoyin yadawa: Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce dashi kai tsaye daga harbe-harbe na basal, amma ana iya yin shi ta amfani da rawanin rawanin ko sassan sassan da aka girma a baya a cikin gandun daji.

Qasa da Bukatun Yanayi don Noman Abarba

Abarba na buƙatar ƙasa mai ruwa mai kyau, mai wadata kwayoyin halitta kuma tare da samun iska mai kyau. Ya fi son haske, yashi mai yashi zuwa ƙasa mai yashi tare da ɗan ƙaramin acidic pH (tsakanin 5,0 da 6,5). Ko da yake shukar tana da juriya ga ɗan gajeren fari, tana buƙatar samun ruwa yayin girmar ciyayi don samar da 'ya'yan itace masu inganci.

• kyakkyawan zafin jiki: Tsakanin 25 da 32 ° C. Zazzabi ƙasa da 20 °C yana jinkirin haɓakawa da jinkirta ci gaban 'ya'yan itace.
• Hazo da zafi: Yana buƙatar ruwan sama akai-akai kuma babban dangiAna ba da shawarar ƙarin shayarwa a lokacin rani.
• Bukatun haske: Yana buƙatar cikakken faɗuwar rana don dacewa sukari kira a cikin 'ya'yan itace.

Gudanar da Agronomic da Haɗin Abarba

Gudanar da aikin gona da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa da 'ya'yan itace masu inganci a cikin noman abarba. Mafi mahimmancin abubuwan gina jiki ga shuka sune nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium da magnesium.

• Shirin biyan kuɗi: Abarba yana buƙatar, musamman a ciki potassium don ingancin ɓangaren litattafan almara da sukari. Yana da kyau a raba abun da ake ci na nitrogen zuwa ƙananan allurai a kowane wata kuma a rage shi watanni biyu kafin bayyanar fure.
• Adadin jagora: Don tsire-tsire 40.000 / ha, abarba tana fitar da kusan kilogiram 68 na N, kilogiram 24 na P₂O₅, 174 kg₂Ko, kilogiram 27 na CaO da kilogiram 16 na MgO a kowane zagaye.
• Micronutrients: El zinc, iron da magnesium su ne mabuɗin don hana chlorosis da matsalolin ci gaba. Rashin ƙarancin ƙarfe yawanci yana bayyana a matakan pH sama da 6,5, don haka ana ba da shawarar aikace-aikacen foliar na chelates.
• Binciken ƙasa: Yana da mahimmanci don aiwatarwa kafin bincike don daidaita hadi zuwa ainihin bukatun da ake nomawa.

Gabaɗaya Kula da Shuka Abarba

Domin shukar abarba ta bunƙasa cikin ƙarfi da lafiya, yana da mahimmanci a magance abubuwa da yawa na sake zagayowar girma. Kulawa ya bambanta daga shayarwa da abinci mai gina jiki zuwa saka idanu akai-akai don kwari da cututtuka.

1. Ban ruwa: Ci gaba da danshi, guje wa puddles waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka ruɓa.
2. Kula da ciyawa: Cire ciyawa a kusa da tsire-tsire don rage gasa da haɗarin kwari masu alaƙa.
3. Aeration da magudanar ruwa: Tarin ruwa zai iya haifar da fungi da nematodes, don haka yana da kyau a shuka a cikin gadaje masu tasowa ko terraces.
4. Yankewa da kulawa: Cire ganyayen da suka mutu ko maras lafiya yana taimakawa hanawa foci na kamuwa da cuta kuma yana inganta haɓaka mai tsabta.

Yawancin Kwari da Suka Shafi Abarba

Kwari suna wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen masu sana'ar abarba, saboda suna iya haifar da babbar illa ga tattalin arziƙi kuma suna shafar haɓakar tsirrai da ingancin 'ya'yan itace.

• Cottony mealybug (Dysmicoccus brevipes): Wannan kwaro yana tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga tushen da tushe na shuka, yana haifar da shi wilting, jan launi da rage tushen tsarin. Hakanan yana iya yada ƙwayoyin cuta kuma yana ƙarfafa kasancewar tururuwa.
• Tafiya (Frankliniella occidentalis da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa): Suna lalata ganye da furanni ta hanyar tsotsa, suna barin a azurfa maniyyi da duhun wurare. Suna iya aiki azaman ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Jajayen mite na mite abarba na ƙarya: Microscopic a girman da ja a launi, waɗannan mites suna haifar da su duhu raunuka a cikin ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa, raunana shuka.
• Yayan 'ya'yan itace (Thecla basilides, gajiya Estrimon megarus): Larvae nasa suna shiga cikin 'ya'yan itacen suna cinye shi daga ciki, suna haifar da su lalatawa da inganta cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungal.
• Nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus): Suna kai hari ga tushen, ƙirƙirar galls ko raunuka, yana shafar sha na ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki, rage jinkirin girma da haifar da chlorosis ganye.
• Symphylids: Ƙananan myriapods waɗanda ke ciyar da tushen matasa, suna haifar da tsarin tushen atrophied da mafi girman kamuwa da fungi.
• Katantanwa da slugs: Lalacewa ga m harbe da 'ya'yan itatuwa kusa da girbi.

Mafi Dace Cututtukan Abarba

An yi barazanar noman abarba da cututtuka daban-daban waɗanda ke shafar komai daga tushen zuwa 'ya'yan itacen bayan girbi. Haɗin gwiwar kula da phytosanitary yana da mahimmanci don rigakafi da sarrafa waɗannan cututtuka.

• Abarba wilting: Haɗe da ma'aunin matashin auduga, wannan matsalar tana rage ƙarfin gabaɗaya kuma tana iya yin ɓarna idan ba a kula ba.
• Rushewar zuciya (Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. parasitica): Ƙasa fungi da alhakin wilting, leaf yellowing, mutuwa saboda basal necrosis da ciki rot. Haɗarin ya fi girma a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa ko mara kyau.
• Baƙar rube ko baƙar fata Thielaviopsis paradoxa: Wannan cututtukan fungal yana shafar duka kayan shuka da 'ya'yan itatuwa a lokacin ajiya da sufuri. An siffanta shi da ɓangaren litattafan almara, ruwa da duhu.
• Tabo mai rawaya: Sakamakon ƙwayoyin cuta da ake yadawa ta hanyar thrips, yana haifar da wuraren rawaya na chlorotic akan ganye kuma yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.
• Yisti fermentation (Saccharomyces spp.): Gabaɗaya yana faruwa a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu girma ko lalacewa, kuma ana gano su ta ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da gaseous cavities da warin fermentation.
• Gummosis da sauran physiopathies: Lalacewar jiki kamar na ciki launin ruwan kasa tabo (baƙar zuciya), mai alaƙa da rashin isassun yanayin zafi bayan girbi da kuma hankali iri-iri.

Haɗin Kwari da Kula da Cututtuka (IPM)

Haɗin gwiwar kwaro da kula da cututtuka a cikin abarba na neman haɗa dabarun al'adu, ilimin halitta, da sinadarai don rage lalacewa ba tare da yin barazana ga muhalli ko lafiyar ɗan adam ba.

1. Kulawa: Kula da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da kasancewar kwaro. Ƙara yawan tururuwa sau da yawa yana nuna kamuwa da cuta ta mealybug.
2. Kula da al'adu: Wannan ya haɗa da jujjuya amfanin gona, amfani da lafiyayyen iri mai juriya, lalata ragowar tsiron, sarrafa ciyawa, da shirya ƙasa mai kyau.
3. Ikon Halittu: Gabatarwar makiya na halitta irin su ladybugs a kan mealybugs, amfani da kwayoyin cuta irin su Pseudomonas mai kyalli don yaƙar fungi, ko aikace-aikacen mai da kayan shuka (misali: man neem don thrips da borers).
4. Abubuwan halitta da semiochemicals: Masu hanawa da mahadi waɗanda ke shafar haifuwa da ciyar da kwari.
5. Kula da sinadarai a hankali: Sai kawai a cikin lokuta masu mahimmanci da bin tsarin ƙa'idodin yanzu. Samfuran na ƙananan tasirin muhalli da kuma mutunta lokutan jira don guje wa raguwa a cikin 'ya'yan itace na ƙarshe.

• Karin ayyuka: Yin watsi da kayan shuka masu alamun cututtuka, adana kayan aikin da ba su gurɓata ba, da yin amfani da magungunan rigakafi ga kayan shuka na iya yin bambanci idan aka fuskanci matsananciyar matsananciyar kwari.
• Juyawa da sauran ƙasa: Barin filaye yana taimakawa rage yawan nematodes da sauran cututtukan ƙasa.

Shawarwari don Girbi da Bayan girbi Abarba

Matakin girbi da girbi bayan girbi yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye inganci da tsawaita rayuwar kasuwancin 'ya'yan itacen abarba.

• Mafi kyawun wurin girbi: Ya kamata a girbe su lokacin da suke nuna canje-canjen launi a gindin harsashi, tare da abun ciki mai narkewa fiye da 12% da matsakaicin acidity na 1%.
• Ma'aunin inganci: Girman Uniform da siffar, nama mai ƙarfi, kuma babu alamun ruɓe ko lalacewa ta jiki. A cikin abarba, ripening ba ya ci gaba bayan girbi.
• Rarrabuwa:
  • Category A: 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari masu nauyi fiye da 1,5 kg.
  • Rukuni B: Daga 1 zuwa 1,5 kg.
  • Rukuni C: Kasa da 1 kg.
• Storage: Mafi kyawun zafin jiki ya bambanta: cikakke abarba tsakanin 7 zuwa 10 ° C da kuma abarba cikakke tsakanin 10 zuwa 13 ° C. Dangin zafi shine 85-90%.
• Physiopathies: Tsayawa 'ya'yan itace ƙasa da 7 ° C yana haifar da rauni mai sanyi da tabo mai launin ruwan kasa na ciki. Yin maganin kakafi da zafin jiki a zafin jiki na 35 ° C na kwana ɗaya yana rage haɗarin baƙar fata.
• Cututtuka bayan girbi: Kulawa da hankali don guje wa lalacewa ta jiki, saurin sanyaya, da jiyya tare da fungicides (misali, thiabendazole) suna hana baƙar fata da fermentations maras so.

• Yanayin sarrafawa: Haɗin 3-5% O₂ kuma 5-8% CO₂ jinkirta jinkiri, tsawaita rayuwa har zuwa makonni 4-6 a cikin ɗakunan musamman.
• Guji ethylene: Ko da yake yana iya hanzarta canza launin kwasfa, ba ya haifar da karuwa a cikin ingancin 'ya'yan itacen.

Labari mai dangantaka:

Cikakken jagora don kulawa da haɓaka tsiron abarba a gida