Idan kana sha'awar berries, da Amelanchier alnifolia berries -wanda aka sani da saskatoon, serviceberry, ko juneberry - suna cikin waɗancan duwatsu masu daraja waɗanda ke mamakin bayanin martabar su na abinci da kuma damar kiwon lafiya. Launin launin su mai launin shuɗi mai duhu yana ɓoye babban adadin polyphenols da anthocyanins. babban matakin antioxidant aikiBaya ga fiber da sauran ma’adanai masu amfani, tarihinsu ya samo asali ne daga ’yan asalin Arewacin Amirka, waɗanda suka cinye su sabo, busassun, kuma a matsayin wani sinadari a girke-girke na gargajiya.
A yau, ana binciken su azaman abinci mai aiki, ana ƙara nomawa a waje da kewayon yanayin su, kuma ana amfani da su a cikin jam, tarts, giya, giya, da abubuwan sha. Bayan ɗanɗanon su - mai daɗi tare da alamar almond - abin da ke da ban sha'awa shine yadda mahaɗan su ke da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da lafiyar rayuwa, da kuma yanayin dafa abinci. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi bitar su game da kayan lambu, abubuwan gina jiki, mahaɗan bioactive, amfani, da shaidar kimiyya akwai akan kaddarorin sa.
Menene Amelanchier alnifolia kuma a ina yake girma?
Amelanchier alnifolia na cikin dangin Rosaceae ne kuma an gabatar da shi azaman a deciduous shrub ko kananan bishiyaRarrabanta na halitta ya haɗa da Alaska, yawancin Kanada (daga Yukon zuwa British Columbia da Quebec), da yankunan yammaci da arewa ta tsakiya Amurka, daga Iowa da Utah zuwa California. Yana girma daga matakin teku zuwa tsayi mai tsayi, yana kaiwa kusan 2.600 m sama da matakin teku a California kuma har zuwa 3.400 m sama da matakin teku a cikin Rockies.
A cikin daji, yana samar da yankuna, yana kaiwa tsayin 1 zuwa 8 m a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau. Ganyensa suna da murabba'i zuwa kusan madauwari, 2-5 cm tsayi da faɗin 1-4,5 cm, tare da gefen haƙori da 0,5-2 cm petiole. Farin furanni masu siffar tauraro suna fitowa a gungu na 3 zuwa 20 a farkon bazara. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari, a zahiri ƙwanƙwasa amma da aka sani da berries, su ne purple a lokacin da cikakke, da kuma auna Suna da diamita 5 zuwa 15 mm kuma ana iya ci a fili..
Ilimin ilmin halitta, ilimin lissafi, iri da sunaye
A cikin wallafe-wallafen botanical, an ambaci nau'in a matsayin Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M.Roem., tare da basionym Aronia alnifolia Nutt. Daga cikin ma'anarta kuma akwai Amelanchier florida Lindl. Etymologically, Amelanchier ya samo daga Provencal Faransanci "amelancier," wanda aka yi amfani da shi don A. ovalis, kuma alnifolia yana nufin "ganye kama da na Alnus." Daga cikin sunanta na yare da yawa, waxannan sun yi fice: Saskatoon, Pacific serviceberry, western serviceberry da Juneberry, ban da "guillomo" a wasu rubutun Mutanen Espanya.
An gane nau'ikan halittu biyar: A. alnifolia var. alnifolia (arewa maso gabas), var. cusickii (yamma), var. humptulipensis (arewa maso yamma), var. pumila (Dutsen Rocky da Saliyo Nevada), da var. semiintegrifolia (Pacific Coast, daga Alaska zuwa arewa maso yammacin California). Wannan bambance-bambancen, tare da sau da yawa na halitta hybrids a cikin halittar, wani lokacin ya sa ganewa da wuya ga mai son. Duk da haka, duk suna raba samar da berries masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa tare da launi wanda Ya bambanta daga ruwan hoda zuwa shuɗi-violet yayin girma.
Abubuwan da ke gina jiki da mahaɗan bioactive
Amelanchier alnifolia berries suna samar da fiber na abinci da bitamin B kamar riboflavin (B2) da biotin (B7). B2 yana shiga cikin metabolism na fats, carbohydrates, da sunadarai, kuma yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye idanu lafiya, fata, baki, da gashi; Hakanan ana amfani dashi azaman launin abinci. B7 yana aiki azaman coenzyme a cikin hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da purines da carbohydrates, yana shiga cikin haɓakar fatty acid, kuma a cikin samuwar fata, kusoshi, da gashi. Daga cikin ma'adanai, masu zuwa sun yi fice: baƙin ƙarfe, alli, manganese da phosphorustare da bayanin sinadarai mai kwatankwacin na blueberries.
Lallai, kamanceceniya da blueberries shima a bayyane yake a cikin abubuwan da suke da su na phenolic: wadataccen polyphenols, anthocyanins da flavonols irin su quercetin, da anthocyanidins kamar cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin, da malvidin. Waɗannan mahadi sune masu ƙarfi antioxidants kuma galibi suna da alhakin launin shuɗin su. Wasu kafofin suna nuna cewa berries na saskatoon sun ƙunshi "mafi yawan furotin, mai, da fiber fiye da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa," da'awar cewa, a kowane hali, yana nuna wani abu. musamman abin lura da yawa na gina jiki a tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa daji.
Game da sukari, an kwatanta shi da ƙunshi 20% sucrose da kusan 10% rage sukari, tare da karuwa a cikin juzu'in sukari a cikin lokacin kafin cikakken girma. Daga cikin kwayoyin acid, malic acid ne babba. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launi, mafi tsananin launi mai launin shuɗi, mafi girman ƙarfin antioxidant da ke hade da anthocyanins, halin da ke ciki. Wannan ya sanya waɗannan berries a cikin mafi ban sha'awa cikin sharuddan antioxidants..
Antioxidants: Babban Binciken Bincike
A cikin nazarin kwatancen nau'ikan nau'ikan iri guda biyar, jimillar phenolic abun ciki na sabbin berries ya fito daga 2,52 zuwa 3,82 g gallic acid daidai da kilogiram na sabo mai nauyi (g GAE · kg – 1), yayin da jimlar ƙarfin antioxidant ya tashi daga 4,17 zuwa 5,29 g ascorbic acid daidai da kilogiram na nauyi. Haɗin kai tsakanin phenolics/flavonoids da ayyukan antioxidant sun yi girma sosai (r² = 0,8921 da r² = 0,9901, bi da bi), yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa polyphenols suna lissafin babban ɓangaren ayyukan antioxidant. ikon antioxidant da aka lura a cikin 'ya'yan itace.
Har ila yau, binciken ya yi la'akari da hana nau'in oxygen mai aiki ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin methanol (10%) na 'ya'yan itace: nitric oxide (21,08-27,52%), superoxide anion (25,14-30,73%), da hydroxyl radical (18,25-21,18%). Bugu da ƙari, an auna aikin antioxidant a cikin tsarin lipid na hanta (7,90-8,38%). Musamman ma, waɗannan hane-hane sun fi bayyana fiye da waɗanda aka gani a cikin apples, 'ya'yan itacen pome na duniya. Koyaya, ƙimar ƙima suna aiki don rarraba Amelanchier alnifolia azaman a sosai m tushen antioxidants a cikin abinci.
Tasirin Cardiometabolic da aka lura a cikin samfuran dabbobi
A cikin nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci, sa baki tare da berries saskatoon ya haifar da daidaita nauyin jiki da rage adiposity. A lokaci guda, yana inganta haƙurin glucose, yana rage hawan jini na systolic, kuma yana amfana da tsarin zuciya da aiki. A matakin hanta, binciken ya nuna raguwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren suna bayyana suna samun goyan baya ta hanyar daidaita hanyoyin hanyoyin metabolism na glucose na tsakiya, tare da tasiri akan glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, da glycogenesisKo da yake binciken ya dogara ne akan dabbobi, sun yi nuni da kyakkyawan layin bincike don gwajin ɗan adam a nan gaba.
Gaskiyar cewa pomace (pomace) na 'ya'yan itace shine tushen tushen polyphenols, flavonols, da acid chlorogenic yana ƙara wata hanya don amfani da shi: a matsayin sashi / adjuvant tare da kaddarorin antioxidant a cikin kayan abinci. Wannan "rayuwa ta biyu" na ragowar, ban da ƙara darajar ga sarkar samarwa, na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin aiki a cikin masana'antar abinci.
Amfani na gargajiya, aikace-aikace da gastronomy
Al'ummomin 'yan asalin Kanada sun cinye waɗannan berries tsawon ƙarni, sabo ko busassun, kuma sun haɗa su cikin jita-jita masu kyan gani kamar pemmican (stew na nama, mai, da busassun 'ya'yan itace). A yau, har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin pies, jams, giya, ciders, da jiko mai zaki; busassun, suna haɗuwa da kyau tare da hatsi, cakuda hanya, da kayan ciye-ciye. Cikakken ɓangaren litattafan almara yana da daɗi - tare da wannan alamar almond - kuma, a cikin gastronomically, yana haifar da ... juices, sauces, desserts da cuku pairings.
Daga cikin abubuwan amfani da ethnobotanical da aka rubuta akwai: amfani da cambium, dafaffen ruwa, azaman maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta; ruwan 'ya'yan itace cikakke a matsayin magani ga cututtukan ciki da mai laushi mai laushi; da kuma amfani da digo a matsayin digon ido don bacin rai da kunnuwa. Ko da yake wannan ilimin gargajiya ne, kuma kamar kullum, taka tsantsan da ingantaccen hukunci na likita yana da kyau, waɗannan nassoshi suna taimakawa wajen fahimta. dadadden dangantakar dake tsakanin jinsi da lafiyar al'umma.
Lissafin "amfani da magani" sun ambaci ayyuka kamar na ciki, mai rage zafin jiki, laxative mai laushi, ophthalmic, diaphoretic, abubuwan motsa jiki, maganin hana haihuwa, da taimakon haihuwa. Wasu jagororin bayani suna ba nau'in kima na "2/5" don fa'idar warkewa da kuma "5/5" don amfanin abinci mai gina jiki, a zahiri yana nuna nauyin amfaninsa azaman abinci tare da shi. Mai amfani na asibiti kai tsaye tare da iyakataccen shaida.
Tsarin membrane da kariyar tantanin halitta
Bayan ma'auni na al'ada na antioxidant, an yi nazari akan tasirin 'ya'yan itace akan erythrocyte (jajayen jini) membranes, ciki har da juriya na osmotic, ilimin halittar jini, rarraba phospholipid, da kuma ruwa na membrane. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mahaɗan polyphenolic na berries suna hulɗa tare da saman membrane, yana haifar da ingantaccen kariya daga iskar shaka. Waɗannan abubuwan lura suna goyan bayan rawar saskatoon polyphenols a matsayin wakilai waɗanda Suna daidaita tsarin salula masu kula da lalacewar iskar oxygen.
Ganyayyaki, mai tushe da pomace: tafkunan polyphenols
Ganyayyaki da mai tushe na cultivars daban-daban sun ƙunshi matakan proanthocyanidins masu yawa; Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa suna da adadi mai yawa na mahaɗan phenolic iri-iri, suna buɗe ƙofar yin amfani da su azaman sabon albarkatun ƙasa tare da yuwuwar aiki. Don masana'antu, pomace (wani samfurin bayan hakar ruwan 'ya'yan itace) shine zinare na polyphenols. flavonols da chlorogenic acid wanda za'a iya ƙarawa zuwa ƙirar ƙira tare da da'awar antioxidant, koyaushe a cikin tsarin tsari kuma tare da takamaiman aminci da nazarin inganci.
Noma, hardiness da girbi
Wannan nau'in yana da ƙarfi musamman a kan sanyi, tare da juriya na hunturu. Ya dace da ƙasa daban-daban, ko da yake ya kamata a guje wa ƙasa mai yumbu ko ƙasa mara kyau. A cikin dasa shuki na kasuwanci, ana ba da shawarar shuka a cikin layuka 4-6 a baya kuma don kafa nisa na mita 0,5-1 tsakanin tsire-tsire. Tsawon rayuwar kowane shrub yana kusa Shekaru 30, tare da furen bazara da 'ya'yan itacen bazaraA cikin yankunan bakin teku, ripening yana farawa a farkon lokacin rani; a cikin ƙasa, yana ci gaba zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa.
Daga cikin cultivars na kayan lambu, Saskablue® ya yi fice. Yana farawa da wuri-tare da girbi a farkon shekara ta biyu-kuma yana samar da gungu masu nauyi sosai har harben na iya tanƙwara ƙarƙashin nauyi. A cikin lambun, yana samar da bushes masu ƙarfi tare da tsayi mai tsayi (kimanin 2,5 m a cikin noma) da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara, kyan gani. Furen furanni suna ba da hanya zuwa berries masu duhu shuɗi tare da ɗanɗano mai daɗi, kamar almond. Ana girbi girbi a tsakanin ƙarshen Yuni da Yuli, kuma 'ya'yan itace-mai dadi fiye da blueberries bisa ga wasu kwatance-yana da kyau don ... sabo ko sarrafa abinci kuma ga zaɓin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari na yanayi.
Rarraba Botanical da albarkatun
Daga ra'ayi na haraji, Amelanchier alnifolia na cikin yankin Eukarya; babban rukuni na Archaeplastida; rabo Streptophyta (kore shuka clade); Class Magnoliopsida; oda Rosales; iyali Rosaceae; asalin Amelanchier. Ƙungiya ce mai ci gaba da bitar haraji a cikin tsarin rarrabuwa daban-daban, ko da yake sanya shi a cikin Rosaceae ya tabbata. Ga masu sha'awar, akwai kyawawan albarkatun kan layi (Wikispecies, Wikimedia Commons, da floras na yanki) tare da maɓallan ganowa, faranti da cikakkun bayanai.
A matsayin hujja mai ban sha'awa da ke da alaƙa da ganowa, wasu dandamali na botany suna ba da ayyuka don "gane shuka daga hoto nan take." Ko da yake waɗannan ba su maye gurbin ganewar asali na botanical ba, za su iya zama tallafi don bambanta saskatoon daga nau'in jinsin Amelanchier a farkon kimanin. koyi fasali na asali na filin.
A cikin aikin gona da aikin lambu, nau'in Amelanchier sun shahara saboda furannin bazara da kaka. Suna da ƙarfi, sauƙin kulawa, kuma sun dace da ƙananan lambuna; Bugu da ƙari, jinsin halittu akai-akai yana nuna haɓakar halitta, wanda ke ƙara yawan nau'ikan kayan ado da ake da su kuma wani lokacin yana dagula madaidaicin rarrabuwa. sunaye a matakin jinsi ko iri-iri.
A ƙarshe, bayanin kula da abinci: ban da kayan zaki da jams, ana amfani da berries don yin ruwan inabi, kuma an yi amfani da ganye don infusions masu ɗanɗano mai daɗi. A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, amfani da shi a cikin hadawa karin kumalloSandunan gida ko jajayen compotes na 'ya'yan itace suna ba ku damar amfana daga bayanan fiber da bayanan polyphenol, hanya mai ban sha'awa musamman lokacin neman Madadin zuwa blueberries tare da nuances dandano daban-daban.
Amelanchier alnifolia ya haɗu da hardiness, darajar kayan ado, yawan amfanin ƙasa, da kuma bayanin martabar phytochemical mai arziki a cikin anthocyanins da flavonols, tare da ingantaccen aikin maganin antioxidant da alamun ƙarfafawa game da lafiyar cardiometabolic a cikin dabbobin dabba. Ganyayyaki da sassan iska (ganye da mai tushe) suna faɗaɗa nau'ikan abubuwan amfani ga mahaɗan phenolic, kuma sauƙin noman sa a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa da yanayi mai sanyi yana sanya shi sanannen ɗan takara a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu tasowa na gandun daji.
