A cikin shekaru goma kacal, pistachio ya tafi daga kasancewa kusan amfanin gona mai ban mamaki ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai na karkarar Mutanen EspanyaSashin ya ga ci gaban meteoric, tare da fadada saman ƙasa, saka hannun jari na masana'antu, da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararru wacce ta jawo hankalin manoma da kasuwanci daga yankuna da yawa.
Sabon X-ray na kasuwa, wanda aka tattara a cikin Buga na biyu na binciken kan halin yanzu da makomar pistachios Masanin tattalin arzikin noma Juan Vilar ne ya shirya shi kuma Agróptimum ya inganta shi, ya sanya Spain a wani mahimmin batu: karfafa shugabancin Turai kuma mafi kyawun matsayi na kansu a cikin tashoshi masu daraja, yayin da suke riƙe da bugun jini na fasaha da dorewa.
Yankin saman da samarwa: inda muke da inda amfanin gona ke tafiya
Wurin da aka keɓe don pistachios ya riga ya wuce Kadada 83.700, bayan ƙara kusan 5.200 sabbin hekta a cikin 2024Taswirar a bayyane take: Castilla-La Mancha Yana mai da hankali mafi yawan noman, kusan kashi 80% na jimlar, kuma yana ƙarfafa rawar da yake takawa a matsayin yanki na tuki, sannan Andalusia, Extremadura da ci gaba mai dorewa. Castile da León, Aragon, Murcia, Catalonia da al'ummar Valencian.
Dangane da girbi, an gabatar da 2025 tare da samar da abin da ya wuce Tan 7.500 na busassun pistachios a cikin harsashi, wanda wasu 5.600 tons Sun zo daga Castilla-La Mancha. Halin canjin yanayin samar da pistachio - shekarun girma da shekarun hutu - ya bayyana dalilin da yasa, bayan raunin 2024, sashin dawo da gogayya mai albarka wannan motsa jiki.
A waje da babban yankin La Mancha, yankuna irin su Urgell (Lleida) sun tabbatar da kyakkyawan fata: a cikin gonakin farko (tun 2016) ana nuna amfanin gona wanda zai iya kusanci. 1.500 kg / ha a cikin shekara mai kyau. Girbin taga yana mai da hankali tsakanin ƙarshen Satumba da farkon Oktoba, tare da yakin neman zabe tsayayye wannan kwas.
Game da farashin, masu samarwa suna magana game da matsakaicin kewaye 6 € / kg, tare da kewayon da zai iya tafiya daga kusan 3 zuwa 10 € / kg dangane da inganci da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Spain ta rage kasawa: yana samar da ƙasa da abin da yake cinyewa a ciki kwayoyi, don haka jadawalin kuɗin fito na ƙasa na uku ya ɗan yi tasiri ya zuwa yanzu.
Masana'antar ta haɓaka cikin sauri ɗaya da na karkara: iya aiki ya riga ya ninka samarwa halin yanzu, guje wa ƙulli. A kan sikelin kasuwanci, ayyuka kamar Agróptimum sun ƙaddamar da layi tare da ƙarfin farko na kusa 1.000 tons da tsare-tsaren scaling zuwa 15.000 tons a cikin shekaru biyar, inganta da bushewa da saurin rarrabawa bayan girbi.
Fasaha, ruwa, da sarrafawa: yadda sarkar ke zama mafi ƙwarewa
2024 ya nuna alamar canji: 100% na sabbin gonaki aka kafa a ban ruwaMakasudin a bayyane yake: don daidaita girbi, haɓaka girma da daidaito, da rage ƙarancin samarwa da ake samu na noman bushewa. Sashin ya samu ci gaba a ciki ingancin ruwa, ko da yake ƙwararru sun yi gargaɗin cewa matsawar ruwa zai sa mu ƙara yin daidai wajen tafiyar da al’amura kuma suna ta da tambayoyi game da menene. amfanin gona na buƙatar ƙarin ruwa.
Digitalization ya isa filin pistachio tare da na'urori masu zafi, jirage marasa matuka, Hankali na wucin gadi, murfin shuka da matsuguni don kwari masu amfani, ƙarfafa bambancin halittu da daidaici noma. A cikin gandun daji, amfani da takaddun shaida (kamar UCB-1) da ci-gaba da grafting dabaru sun gajarta lokutan shigarwa samarwa, tare da itatuwan da suka fara yin 'ya'ya a cikin kimanin shekaru uku.
A lokacin fure-fure da 'ya'yan itace, ana amfani da sabbin dabaru - ciki har da taimaka tarwatsa pollen-, neman haɓaka pollination da tabbatar da girbi iri ɗaya. Duk wannan yana cike da aiki agile: bushewa da rarrabawa a cikin ƙasa da awanni 24 don adana inganci da sabo, ban da hangen nesa da tsarin AI masu iyawa zaži har zuwa 1.000 kg/h ta launi, girman ko tabo sigogi.
Abun ganowa ya zama alama: daga “iri na uwa” zuwa babban jakar, kowane tsari yana saka idanuShirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa kamar aikin CHIOTEC sun haɗu da albarkatun jama'a da masu zaman kansu don haɓaka kayan aikin fasahar kere kere da warwarewa. kwalabe a cikin gandun daji, mabuɗin don dorewar saurin sabbin shuka.
Tare da dama, akwai taka tsantsan. Kwararru a fannin tattalin arziki na noma suna tunatar da mu cewa dole ne a sami ci gaba cikin sauri daidaita tsakanin wadata da buƙata don kauce wa tashe-tashen hankula na farashi, da kuma kula da ruwa cikin tsanaki ta fuskar yuwuwar yanayin fari. Bambance-bambancen yanki da haɓaka gudanar da harkokin sassa (haɗin kai tsakanin masu samarwa) suna bayyana azaman guda masu dacewa.
Aiki, yanki da kasuwa: tasirin karkara da taga Horeca
Pistachio ya kafa kansa a matsayin injin tattalin arziki a yankuna da yawa. A yau fannin yana samar da fiye da haka 200.000 ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice, tare da tsare-tsaren ƙirƙirar wasu 100.000 nan da shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Ga Ma'aikatar Noma, Kamun Kifi da Abinci, har yanzu akwai sauran damar ingantawa: za a samu kasa da 40% na saman dasa cikakken a samarwa.
Castilla-La Mancha ita ce cibiyar, amma Andalusia - inda itatuwan ruwan sama kamar itacen zaitun ke ba da hanya a wasu yankuna-, Extremadadura da yankuna na kwarin Ebro da Tekun Bahar Rum suna samun ƙasa. A cikin Villanueva de la Jara (Cuenca) akwai babban gidan gandun daji na musamman wanda ya inganta ayyukan yi da ayyuka. Wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan su ne grafters tare da ƙwarewar duniya, bayanin martaba sosai cikin bukata don tabbatar da inganci da ƙimar nasara a cikin gandun daji.
A cikin kasuwa, maɓallin yana cikin tashoshi masu daraja: da 60% na amfanin duniya Pistachio yana mai da hankali a Horeca (otal-otal, gidajen abinci da abinci), wanda ke buƙatar babban matsayi inganci, amincin abinci, da ganowa. Spain ta riga ta sanya kanta a cikin waɗannan buƙatun, tare da ɗaki don girma a ciki gourmet da fitarwa intra-Turai.
Dabarar ita ce ci gaba Ƙara darajar da kuma ƙwararrun sassan duka, daga filin zuwa masana'antu, da kuma tabbatar da aikin farko (sabon bushewa) bayan girbi, wani muhimmin batu inda masu samarwa ke buƙata. isa kuma kusa iya aiki. Ana bincika samfuran kasuwanci tare da ƙarancin tsaka-tsaki da babban marufi don kare halaye.
Tare da hasashen girma na shekara kusa da 20%Spain na da burin karfafa matsayinta a matsayin kasa ta hudu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yankin pistachio. Ana maye gurbin wasu amfanin gona na itace (almond, zaitun, ko gonar inabinsa) tare da bishiyoyin pistachio yana faruwa inda lambobin ke da kyau kuma masu samarwa ke nema. amfanin gona mafi riba, yayin da bincike kan phenology da fure-fure yana nuna juriya mai ban sha'awa ga canjin yanayi da aka lura.
Ayyukan baya-bayan nan yana nuna sashin da ya haɗu sikelin, fasaha da aikin yi don samun kwanciyar hankali mai fa'ida da samun gindin zama a mafi yawan sassan da ake buƙata. Idan ta kiyaye saurin saka hannun jari, inganta tsarinta, da kuma kula da ingancin ruwa, masana'antar pistachio tana burin ci gaba da girma tare da m matakai a cikin karkarar Spain.
