El hazelnut (Hazelnut corylus) shrub ne mai 'ya'yan itace na sanannen kayan ado da ƙima, mai kyau ga lambuna na gida da na yau da kullun, godiya ga dacewa da yanayin yanayi daban-daban da nau'ikan ƙasa. Noman sa yana da ban sha'awa ga kyawun furanninsa da foliage kamar yadda ake samar da hazelnuts masu sha'awar, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu arziki a ciki. abinci mai gina jiki y lafiyayyen maiA ƙasa zaku sami cikakken jagora akan muhimmanci kula da hazelnuts don tabbatar da ingantaccen ci gaban su, matsakaicin yawan aiki da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka.
Gabaɗaya halayen hazelnut (Hazelnut corylus)
- Sunan gama gari: Hazel
- Sunan kimiyya: Hazelnut corylus
- Iyali: Betulaceae
- Asali: Yafi yankin Eurasian, tare da kasancewar tarihi a cikin yankuna masu zafi na Asiya Ƙarama da Turai.
- Tipo: Deciduous shrub, lokaci-lokaci kananan bishiya.
- Height: Tsakanin mita 2 da 7, kuma zai iya wuce wannan girman a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi.
- Takaddun: Babba, mai zagaye, tare da gefen haƙori biyu da canza launin da ke juya rawaya kafin faɗuwa.
- Furanni: Furen maza a cikin rawaya, rataye catkins; furannin mata a cikin ƙananan buds masu ja. Furanni suna yin fure a ƙarshen hunturu ko farkon bazara, kafin ganyen ya fito.
- 'Ya'yan itace: Hazelnut, yawanci ana haɗa shi cikin gungu, kewaye da koren involucre wanda ke bushewa lokacin da ya girma.
- Tsawon rayuwa: Ita ce tsiro mai tsayi sosai, tare da samfurori da suka kasance a cikin gonakin gargajiya tsawon ƙarni.
Jinsi Corylus Ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'ikan goma sha biyar waɗanda suka girma sosai cikin yankuna masu tsiro na arewacin hemisphere, kasancewa Hazelnut corylus Mafi noma don ingancin 'ya'yan itacensa da daidaitawa. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in duka a cikin samuwar ƙungiyoyi, shinge ko azaman keɓaɓɓen samfuri a cikin lambuna, kuma ana yaba nau'ikan kayan adonsa, kamar hazel mai ɗaci.pendulum) da kuma hazel mai ganyen zinari (aure).
Madaidaicin wuri da yanayin yanayi don hazelnuts
La wuri Kula da bishiyar hazelnut yana da mahimmanci don ci gabanta. Duk da kasancewarsa tsire-tsire mai ƙarfi da daidaitawa, don haɓakar ƙarfi da yawan 'ya'yan itace, yana da kyau a bi waɗannan shawarwari:
- Haske: Ya fi son wurare na rana, ko da yake kuma yana bunƙasa a cikin inuwa. A cikin wurare masu zafi sosai, kariya daga hasken rana mai tsanani yana taimakawa wajen hana damuwa na ruwa.
- Space: Kamar yadda bishiyar hazel ke iya kaiwa tsayin mita 7 kuma tana faɗaɗa sosai saboda harbe-harbe na basal ko tsotsa, yana da kyau a dasa shi a inda yake da kyau. isa sararin samaniya, nesa da sauran bishiyoyi ko tsarin da ke iyakance ci gabansa.
- Yanayi: Mafi dacewa da yanayin yanayi mai kyau, tare da sanyi mai laushi da lokacin rani matsakaici. Yana jure sanyi, amma matsanancin yanayin zafi na iya shafar tsiro da samar da 'ya'yan itace.
- Danshi: Muhalli mai matsakaicin matsanancin zafi na dangi yana son haɓakawa da pollination. Iska mai laushi yana da fa'ida, yayin da suke ɗaukar pollen, amma iska mai ƙarfi ko hazo mai tsayi na iya lalata furen fure da 'ya'yan itace.
A guji sanya bishiyoyin hazelnut a wuraren da ruwa ke taruwa ko a cikin kasa mai cike da ruwa, saboda suna da saurin shanyewa da cututtuka masu hade da danshi.
Ƙasa da buƙatun shuka
- Subratratum: Itacen hazel yana nuna iyawar ban mamaki don dacewa da ƙasa daban-daban, kodayake mafi kyawun ci gabansa yana faruwa a ƙasashe mai zurfi, m, humus-arziƙi kuma mai kyau. Ya fi son matsakaicin laushi kuma yana guje wa ƙasa mai yashi da ƙasa mai nauyi.
- Madaidaicin pH: Tsakanin 6 da 7, dan kadan acidic ko tsaka tsaki. A cikin ƙasa mai alkaline yana iya nunawa rashin abinci mai gina jiki.
- Shirye-shirye na baya: A cikin tsire-tsire na yau da kullun, yana da kyau a aiwatar da aikin noma mai zurfi, wanda ya haɗa da kwayoyin halitta (balagagge taki) kuma, idan ya cancanta, gyare-gyare don gyara pH kafin dasa.
An fi dacewa da dasa shuki a lokacin dormancy ciyayi, a cikin kaka ko hunturu, yin amfani da gaskiyar cewa tushen tsarin yana da haske kuma baya buƙatar ramuka mai zurfi (ba fiye da 20 cm ba), don haka guje wa haɗarin asphyxiation tushen. Don ƙarin bayani kan tsarin shuka, yadda ake shuka 'ya'yan hazelnut, duba wannan albarkatun.
Hazelnut watering: mita da shawarwari
El hazelnut yana buƙatar ƙasar ta kasance koyaushe yana da ɗanɗano amma ba ruwaYana da mahimmanci musamman ga fari, wanda zai iya haifar da furen da ba a kai ba da kuma ɗigon 'ya'yan itace da kuma rage girbi.
- Ban ruwa a cikin seedlings da tsire-tsire matasa: Kula da shayarwa na yau da kullun kowane ƴan kwanaki, daidaita mitar dangane da yanayi da nau'in ƙasa. A cikin bazara da bazara, lokaci-lokaci bincika danshin ƙasa da ruwa sosai lokacin da saman saman ya fara bushewa.
- Ban ruwa a cikin samfuran manya: Space fitar waterings amma ƙara adadin, musamman a lokacin bushe lokaci da kuma high yanayin zafi. Dabaru irin su drip ban ruwa ko jakunkuna na ban ruwa suna ba da damar ingantacciyar ruwa da daidaito, rage ƙanƙara da haɓaka sha ta tsarin tushen hazelnut.
- Guji ambaliya: Tabbatar cewa ƙasa tana magudana da kyau kuma ba za ta taɓa ruwa ba idan har yanzu ƙasa tana jike.
Kauce wa m watering akai-akai, saboda wannan zai iya ƙarfafa ci gaban m, m fari resistant tushen. Isasshen, ƙarin shayar da sarari ya fi dacewa.
Yin taki da takin hazelnuts
La hadi mabuɗin don samun lafiyayyen bishiyar hazelnut mai albarka. Bishiyoyin Hazelnut na buƙatar musamman Calcio, ba tare da yin watsi da daidaiton samar da nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, da magnesium ba. Daidaita takin zuwa yanayin ƙasa da bukatun shuka.
- Organic taki: Haɗa taki mai ruɓewa a cikin ƙasa kowace shekara biyu, musamman a cikin fall.
- Ma'adinai taki: Kuna iya amfani da takin ma'adinai a lokuta uku masu mahimmanci: lokacin farkon budding, bayan furen fure, da kuma bayan girbi.
- Matsakaicin jagora (don shuka na yau da kullun):
- 350-400 kg/ha na calcium ammonium nitrate (26%) a cikin manyan gudunmawa uku.
- 200-250 kg / ha na potassium sulfate.
- 250-350 kg / ha na calcium superphosphate (18%).
- 100-200 kg / ha na magnesium sulfate.
Daidaita waɗannan adadin zuwa buƙatun lambun ku ko gonar lambu, tuntuɓar nazarin ƙasa don guje wa wuce gona da iri. - Canje-canje na Calcareous: Idan ƙasa tana da acidic, ƙara lemun tsami don kula da pH mafi kyau.
- Ciki: Tsarin ciyawa na kwayoyin halitta a cikin bazara yana taimakawa kiyaye danshi da rage gasar ciyawa.
Nasihar iri hazelnut
Nasarar shuka ya dogara da yawa akan zabi na iri da ƙirar shuka don tabbatar da ingantaccen aikin pollination, tun da hazel nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in iri ne wanda bai dace da kai ba.
- Iri na duniya: Negreta, Gironella, Pauetet, Osu 43-58, Ennis, Buttler, Tonda di Gifoni.
- Iri na gida: Casina, Grande, Espinaredo, Quirós da Amandi, musamman ana ba da shawarar a arewacin tsibirin.
- Pollination: Shuka nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka dace da yawa an haɗa su cikin layi ko madaidaicin samfuran, ana ware kashi 15-20% na shuka ga masu yin pollin don haɓaka tsarin 'ya'yan itace.
- Iri na ado: Pendula (girman rataye), Aurea (foliage na zinariya), da sauransu.
Hazelnut horo da tsarin pruning
La yankan Yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa girman, haɓaka iska da haske, da tsawaita rayuwar itacen hazel.
- Horarwa: Ana iya horar da bishiyoyin Hazelnut a cikin bushes (bishiyoyi da yawa) ko a cikin ƙananan vases daga gangar jikin guda ɗaya, an fi son wannan hanyar don sauƙin sarrafawa da girbi.
- Tsarin gogewa: A cikin shekaru biyu na farko bayan dasa shuki, a datse seedling zuwa tsayin 40-50 cm kuma zaɓi manyan rassan 3 zuwa 5.
- Maintenance pruning: Daga farkon horo, lokaci-lokaci cire bushes, lalacewa, ƙetare rassan ko masu tsotsa da yawa don ba da damar haske ya shiga da kuma hana cututtuka.
- Gyaran datti: A cikin bishiyoyin hazel na manya, tsantsa mai tsanani na wani yanki mai mahimmanci na ciyayi yana ƙarfafa sakin ƙananan harbe kuma yana tsawaita rayuwa mai amfani.
- Lokacin datsa: Yi babban pruning a cikin hunturu, lokacin tsayawar ciyayi, da kuma taɓa haske bayan girbi.
Common kwari da cututtuka a cikin hazelnuts
Kodayake resistant, bishiyar hazel na iya shafar kwari da cututtuka daban-daban:
- Manyan kwari: Kwaron gado, aphids, asu toho, tsutsar hazelnut, mites da borer na itace (zeuzera).
- Cututtuka: Powdery mildew (fararen spots akan ganye da harbe), tushen rot, lichens da bushewar toho.
- Sarrafa da rigakafi: Cire wuraren da abin ya shafa da hannu, yi amfani da kayan kariya na halitta ko na yau da kullun dangane da tsananin, kuma kiyaye bishiyar hazel ɗin da kyau da kuma ciyar da ita don ƙarin juriya.
- Matakan al'adu: A kiyaye ƙasa daga tarkacen shuka, sarrafa zafi, da madadin magungunan sinadarai idan ya cancanta don hana juriya.
Yadawa da ninka hazelnut
Ana iya yada Hazelnut ta hanyar:
- Tsaba: Hanyar da ake amfani da ita a hankali don samun sababbin cultivars.
- Layer: Yana da tasiri sosai, ya ƙunshi binne ƙaramin reshe wanda zai samar da tushensa kafin ya raba shi da shukar uwa.
- Graft: Ana amfani da su akan zaɓaɓɓun tushen tushen don tabbatar da halayen nau'ikan kasuwanci.
Abubuwan gina jiki da amfanin hazelnuts
- Gudunmawar abinci mai gina jiki: Hazelnuts ya ƙunshi fiye da 50% lafiyayyen mai, sunadarai, sikari, da ma'adanai irin su calcium da magnesium.
- Abubuwan gina jiki: Su ne madaidaicin dacewa ga abinci, musamman ga mutane masu aikiAna amfani da mai a abinci da kuma masana'antu don kera fenti da kayan kwalliya.
- Storage: Ana girbe su lokacin da harsashi ya zama launin ruwan kasa kuma bayan bushewa, ana adana su a wurare masu sanyi da bushe.
Bugu da kari, ganye suna da magani kaddarorin kuma ana iya amfani dashi a cikin jiko don amfanin gargajiya.
- Tarihi da alama: Itacen hazel ya kasance wani ɓangare na shimfidar wuri da al'adun Turai tsawon ƙarni, ana la'akari da alamar haihuwa da ƙauna.
- Fure mai ban mamaki: Its namiji catkins samar da ado darajar a cikin watanni kafin spring.
- Tushen tsarin: Yana haɓaka tsarin tushen tushe mara zurfi amma mai rashewa sosai, yana mai da hankali ga gasar ciyawar da canje-canjen zafi kwatsam.
- Production: Ya fara ba da 'ya'yan itace masu inganci bayan shekaru 3 zuwa 5, yana kaiwa matsakaicin yawan amfanin sa a kusa da shekaru 6 ko 7.
- Ornamental da shinge amfani: Bugu da ƙari, ana shuka shi don cinyewa, yana shahara a cikin lambuna a matsayin shinge mai yawa ko kuma a matsayin keɓaɓɓen samfurin don kyawunsa da ƙazanta.
Jagora da hazelnut kula Wannan zai ba ku damar jin daɗin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya, ƙawa, kuma itace ko itace mai inganci tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana ƙara yanayin ƙasa da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki ga lambun ku ko gonar lambu. Ta bin waɗannan shawarwarin akan wuri, ƙasa, ban ruwa, hadi, datsa, da rigakafin kwari, za ku sami lafiyayyen shuka mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya samar da girbi mai daɗi na kakar hazelnuts bayan kakar.