Samar da avocado yana ci gaba a hankali kuma kasuwanni suna amsawa tare da ci. A cikin makonnin farko, an rubuta waɗannan abubuwan: sanannen kundin fitarwa daga Peru (kusan ton 22 da fiye da dala miliyan 49), tare da Wuraren 23 sun yi aiki kuma Netherlands tana lissafin kusan rabin ƙimarWannan hoto na kasuwa yana nuna gaskiya: don ci gaba da yin gasa, kula da gonar lambu dole ne ya zama mara kyau kuma, idan zai yiwu, mai dorewa.
Wadanda suke aiki tare da avocados sun san wannan da kyau: ƙasa, yanayi, abinci mai gina jiki da ƙirar shuka Wadannan abubuwan suna shafar yawan amfanin ƙasa da inganci. Bambance-bambance a cikin radiation, sa'o'i na hasken rana, da ruwan sama, tare da matsa lamba daga kwari da cututtuka, ba su da jinkiri. A cikin wannan mahallin, bincika yanayin ƙasa kuma daidaita hadi daidai Ci gaba da amfani ba abin alatu ba ne; shi ne ginshikin noma mai riba da rashin muhalli.
Bukatun rukunin yanar gizon: ƙasa, yanayi, da iska
Avocado ya fi son ƙasa mai yashi, tare da magudanar ruwa mai kyau, ƙarancin salinity da pH kusa da tsaka tsaki ko ɗan acidicIta ce amfanin gona mai tushe mara tushe wanda ke da matukar damuwa ga rashin iskar oxygen; a gaskiya ma, wani muhimmin sashi na tushen tsarin yana mayar da hankali a cikin 'yan santimita na farko na bayanin martaba (tare da alamar alama a kusa da farkon 10 cm)Yawan sodium da chlorides iyakance tushen ci gabanazabtar da sha na ruwa da na gina jiki.
Game da yanayi, itacen avocado yana kula da ƙananan yanayin zafi. An lura da cewa Yanayin zafin rana na 20-25 ° C da dare kusa da 10 ° C Suna haɓaka hadi mai inganci da ingantaccen tsarin 'ya'yan itace. Dusar ƙanƙara da faɗuwar zafin jiki kwatsam Suna yin sulhunta tsarin fure da taushi, don haka yana da kyau a tsara wurin da matakan kariya daki-daki.
Iska wani abu ne da za a yi la'akari da shi. A farkon shekaru yana iya haifar da lalacewar injiniya (lanƙwasawa, karya) da asarar budsBaya ga karuwar bukatar ruwa da dagula tafiyar ƙudan zuma, rage pollination. Kyakkyawan ƙera iska da kuma saka hannun jari mai kyau yana rage haɗarin waɗannan haɗari kuma ya daidaita microclimate na gonar lambun.
Ya kamata a daidaita girman dasa shuki da tsari zuwa tushen tushen, iri-iri da dabarun pruning/inductionA kan shimfidar wuri, firam kamar waɗannan na gama-gari. 6×6, 6×4, 5×5 har ma da 5×3 a cikin shinge masu yawa. Don inganta tsangwama haske, yana da kyau a karkatar da layuka daga arewa zuwa kudumusamman idan shimfidar ta kasance rectangular.
Abincin avocado: ayyuka da daidaituwa
Daidaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki yana daidai da ingantaccen aiki. Shiri mai tasiri yana haɗuwa macronutrients da micronutrients daidai gwargwado daidai da ƙasa, ruwa, da matakin noma. Yawanci da rashi suna da tsada: Ƙarin ƙarfi ba koyaushe yana nufin kyakkyawan sakamako ba. kuma, a zahiri, yana iya fassarawa zuwa ƙarancin ƙarfi da gajeriyar rayuwa bayan girbi.
- Nitrogen (N): injin ci gaban ciyayi da ci gaban tushen. Gudunmawar da ta wuce kima Yana sa shuka yayi ƙarfi sosai kuma yana rage ƙarfin 'ya'yan itacen..
- Phosphorus (P): maɓalli a farkon matakai; yana shiga cikin rabon tantanin halitta da ci gaban 'ya'yan itace.
- Potassium (K): ni'ima da jujjuyawar sukari da daidaiton ɓangaren litattafan almara, tare da tasiri akan inganci da tsawon rayuwa.
- Alli (Ca): karfin bangon tantanin halitta da tabbatar da 'ya'yan itace da pollen; mai mahimmanci don tsarukan tsarukan.
- Magnesium (Mg): tsakiyar kwayoyin chlorophyll; muhimmi ga photosynthesis da lafiyayyen korewar bishiyar.
- Sulfur (S): shiga cikin gina jiki kira da enzymatic aikigoyon bayan defenses da metabolism.
- Boron (B): sauƙaƙe da motsa jiki na sukari da abubuwan gina jiki, tare da tasiri akan fure-fure da 'ya'yan itace.
- Tutiya (Zn): shiga tsarin enzyme da tsarin hormonalmuhimmanci ga budding da flowering.
- Manganese (Mn) da Iron (Fe): Suna da hannu a cikin tsarin enzymatic da a cikin makamashi metabolismKarancinsa yana bayyana kamar interveinal chlorosis a cikin matasa ko balagagge ganye dangane da kashi.
Sanin rawar kowane kashi shine rabin yakin; sauran rabin shine lokacin aikace-aikaceDaidaita allurai da tushe zuwa takamaiman ilimin halittar jiki na itacen avocado yana ba da damar girma curd da inganci ba tare da jawo farashi ko haifar da tasiri akan ƙasa da ruwa ba.
Yadda ake daidaita hadi? Binciken foliar da matakan amfanin gona
Domin hadi ya zama mai inganci, dole ne a daidaita tsarin zuwa kowane mataki na rayuwar bishiyar. foliar bincike Kayan aiki ne wanda ke ba da damar ganowa wuce haddi ko kasawa da kuma tura dabarun. Lokacin fassara sakamakon, yana da kyau a yi la'akari da shekarun gonar lambu, tarihin samar da shi, nau'in ƙasa da yanayin yanayin yakin.
Hanya mai amfani ita ce haɗa abinci mai gina jiki zuwa phenology: furanni, saitin 'ya'yan itace da haɓakar 'ya'yan itace Suna buƙatar ma'auni daban-daban. A lokacin flowering, samuwan boron, zinc da calcium tare da matsakaicin nitrogen; yayin kafa 'ya'yan itace da farkon 'ya'yan itace, ana ba da fifiko potassium da alli don ƙarfi da motsin sukari; a cikin fattening, potassium da a nitrogen da kyau Suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ma'auni ba tare da sadaukar da busassun busassun al'amura ba.
Dokar zinare ita ce yin yanke shawara bisa bayanai. Shirin samfurin ganye da ƙasa a daidai lokacin, kwatanta da nassoshi na gida da daidaita cikin lokaci nisantar rashin hadi da wuce gona da iri. Ta wannan hanyar, shirin yana da ƙarfi, mai inganci, kuma ya yi daidai da manufofin mai samarwa.
pH, salinity da lafiyar ƙasa: ginshiƙan dorewa
pH yana ƙayyade wadatar abinci. Don bishiyoyin avocado, ƙasa mai kyau shine matakin pH wanda ... tsaka tsaki ko dan kadan acidicIdan pH ya karkata, amsa yawanci yana jinkiri kuma yana dawwama, tare da Haɓakawa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta kuma, inda ya dace, sulfur Yana da mahimmanci ga acidification a hankali. Gajerun hanyoyin ba zato ba tsammani yawanci ba sa aiki kuma suna iya lalata ilimin halittar ƙasa.
Salinity yana lalata tushen tushe mai hankali. Shi ya sa, baya ga auna wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasa da ruwa, yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa abubuwan sodium da chloride abun cikiMagudanar ruwa mai inganci, a ban ruwa mai ƙididdigewa da dabaru irin su raba takin mai narkewa suna taimakawa wanke gishiri ba tare da bata ruwa baA cikin layi daya, haɗin kai na takin da ciyawa Yana inganta tsari, riƙewar ruwa, da ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Ka tuna cewa tushen avocado suna samuwa da farko a cikin farfajiyar ƙasa. Ka guji zubar ruwa. oxygenate tushen yankin Rage ƙwayar ƙasa da sauran abubuwan suna haifar da babban bambanci. Rayayyun ƙasa mai wadataccen iska yana tallafawa ci gaban lafiya. Bishiyoyi masu juriya a fuskar ruwa, zafi da damuwa na tsafta.
Ingantacciyar ban ruwa da hadi mai alhaki
A cikin tsarin ciyar da nauyi ko ci-gaba na fasaha, mahimmin abu shine daidai da samar da ruwa tare da ainihin bukatar amfanin gonaHaɗin gwiwa yana aiki da kyau lokacin amfani takin mai narkewa masu dacewa da tsarin ban ruwa kuma an rushe aikace-aikacen don iyakance leaching, adana bayanai da kuma kare ingancin ruwan ƙasa.
Kayan aiki kamar tensiometers, zafi bincike da kimantawa evapotranspiration Suna ba da izinin daidaita jadawalin ban ruwa da ƙimar shayarwa. Ana ba da shawarar ƙara yawan mitar a lokacin yawan amfani da ruwa da kuma rage shi lokacin da yanayi ya ba da izini, kiyaye danshi a cikin ƴan santimita na farko na ƙasa inda bishiyar avocado ta tattara babban ɓangaren tushen aikinsa.
A kwanaki tare da ci gaba da iska, da shuka transpires more da kuma ma'aunin ruwa ya zama rashin daidaituwaTsammanin wannan ƙarin buƙatar tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare ga shayarwa yana hana damuwa da faɗuwar fure, wanda a cikin dogon lokaci yana fassara zuwa mafi kyau curdles da daidaiton 'ya'yan itace.
Iska, pollination, da daidaitawar layi
Iska tana yin katsalandan da layuka da yawa: tana lalata harbe-harbe, bukatar ruwa yana karuwa kuma yana hana tashin ƙudan zuma. Lokacin kafa lambun, yana da kyau a yi la'akari da shingen iska da kuma, inda zai yiwu, Gabatar da layuka arewa-kudu don inganta abubuwan da suka faru radiation da samun iska ba tare da cutar da pollination ba.
Kudan zuma abokan tarayya ne masu mahimmanci. Sauƙaƙe ayyukansu da furanni na kusa, rashin aikace-aikace a lokuta masu mahimmanci kuma kariya daga iska yana inganta hadi. Bi da bi, kula murfin shuka Lokacin da aka sarrafa su da kyau a tituna, suna ba da madadin nectar kuma suna amfana masu pollinators da maƙiyan halitta.
Maɗaukaki, pruning da shigar da samarwa
Tsarin dasa shuki don bishiyoyin avocado dole ne ya dace da dabarun horo. A cikin tsire-tsire masu yawa, kamar waɗanda ... 5x3 kupruning ya zama mahimmanci don sarrafa ƙarfi, inganta shigar haske, da kuma hana inuwar ciki wanda ke shafar fure. A cikin tazara mai faɗi (6×6, 6×4, 5×5), makasudin shine a daidaita ciyayi girma da fallasa tare da tsangwama na musamman.
Pruning da mutunta ruwan 'ya'yan itace da kuma sabunta itace mai albarka Yana taimakawa wajen daidaita amfanin gona. Ƙara shi da shigar da samarwa (dangane da iri-iri da tushen tushen) yana ba da damar yin odar kaya da inganta haɓaka da ƙarfi, koyaushe ba tare da tilasta bishiyar ta wuce ruwa da kayan abinci mai gina jiki ba.
Shawarwari masu dacewa don gudanarwa mai dorewa
Kafin motsa felu ɗaya na taki, kuna buƙatar bayyana sarai game da wurin farawa. Yi nazarin ƙasa Yi bitar jaridu kuma ku kwatanta su da yadda ƙungiyar ke yin aiki; tare da bayanan da ke hannun, kowane Yuro da aka saka yana samar da ƙari kuma ana rage haɗarin yin amfani da yawa. Hakanan yana da amfani don bitar kula da avocado don cika yanke shawara na gudanarwa.
Sa ido kan Ƙasa pH (zai fi dacewa tsaka tsaki ko dan kadan acidic) kuma yana aiki tare da hangen nesa na matsakaici: da kwayoyin halitta da sulfur Suna ba da gudummawa ga juriya kuma suna taimakawa daidaita pH, amma suna yin haka a hankali. Hakuri da daidaito a cikin ayyukan noma sune mafi kyawun abokan ku.
Nitrogen yana da mahimmanci, i, amma a cikin matsakaici. Guji wuce N wanda ke haifar da nakasa, rage ƙarfi da kuma m ingancin 'ya'yan itaceHaihuwa ya fi kyau tabarbare da daidaitawa flowering, 'ya'yan itace da kuma 'ya'yan itace, hadewa mai narkewa kafofin cewa dace da samuwa ban ruwa tsarin.
Idan kuna amfani da nauyi ko ban ruwa na atomatik, zaɓi takin mai narkewa dace da kayan aiki da tsarin gudanarwa wanda ke rage asara ta hanyar wankewa. Wannan yana kare walat ɗin ku da muhalli, yayin da kuke kula da gonar gona. mai albarka kuma mai dorewa yakin neman zabe bayan yakin neman zabe.
Sashin yana ci gaba, kuma horarwa yana haifar da bambanci. Shirye-shiryen masu zaman kansu da na fasaha suna cikin su. shirye-shiryen horo kan abinci mai gina jiki da sarrafa avocado, da na musamman webinarsSuna tukin noma mai inganci. Kamfanoni a fannin, kamar Inti TakiSuna haɓaka abun ciki na fasaha da mafi kyawun ayyuka, kuma galibi suna ƙarfafa ci gaba da tattaunawa akan cibiyoyin sadarwa kamar Facebook da LinkedIn don raba albarkatu da gogewa.
Duban hoton gaba ɗaya, lambun avocado da aka sarrafa da kyau ya dogara akan yanke shawara masu sauƙi amma daidaitacce: Zaɓi ƙasa tare da magudanar ruwa mai kyau da pH mai dacewa, karewa daga iska, karkatar da layuka daidai, da ciyarwa cikin hikima (bisa ga bincike da phenology).Ruwa daidai da kula da ƙasa. Tare da wannan kafuwar, amsar yawanci a bayyane take: ƙarin madaidaitan bishiyoyi, mafi girma ingancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da ƙananan sawun muhalli, wanda shine abin da kasuwanni da ƙasa ke buƙata a yau.
