Idan kuna son avocado (ko paltas, kamar yadda ake kiran su a yawancin Latin Amurka), fahimtar abin da ke bambanta nau'in Hass da Fuerte zai cece ku lokaci lokacin siye da ƙarfafa ku a cikin dafa abinci. A Spain, da Kogin Tropical na Granada da Axarquía na Malaga Suna mayar da hankali kan samarwa, kuma daga can zuwa faranti, zabar da kyau shine rabin yakin da aka ci.
Dukansu a tarihi su ne nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in iri) ne a cikin kasuwarmu, amma ba'a yin irinsu ko dai akan bishiya ko a cikin firiji. Mun zurfafa cikin su bambancin dandano, girman, adanawa da noma, Kuma mu ma mun zana taswirar taswira da kuma ingantattun abubuwan sarrafawa a Spain, tsibirin Caninya da Chile.
Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin Hass da Fuerte avocados: bayyanar da girman
La Hass Yana da fata mai kauri, kauri, matsakaici-zuwa-kauri wacce ta juya daga duhu kore zuwa baƙar fata mai kusan baƙar fata yayin da take girma; siffarsa ta kasance m ko ovoid. Sabanin haka, da Mai ƙarfi Ya fi siffar pear, tare da siririn wuya, santsi kuma siriri mai launin kore mai haske wanda ba ya canza sauti lokacin da yake girma, don haka taɓawa shine mabuɗin sanin ko ta shirya.
Game da nauyi, bayanin ya bambanta dangane da tushe da asali. Don Hass, an buga kewayon da suka fito daga 125-200 g a balaga zuwa fadi Figures na 140-400 g har ma 170-350 gMai ƙarfi yawanci yana motsawa tsakanin 250 g matsakaita da ƙimar da za su iya tashi zuwa 300-400 g dangane da yanki da yakin neman zabe.
Dangane da iri da yawan amfanin ƙasa, kimanin amfanin 70% a cikin Hass kuma daga Har zuwa 75% rangwame a FuerteKo da yake a cikin Fuerte girman iri yayi girma. Ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan alkaluma a matsayin jeri na nuni da ke ƙarƙashin girman da sarrafa bayan girbi.
Abin dandano da rubutu: creaminess tare da alamun kwayoyi
The Hass yayi a Mai tsami sosai, mara fiber, ɓangaren litattafan almara-koren rawayaTare da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai kama da kwayoyi (walnuts, hazelnuts), yana da kyau ga guacamole, biredi, da gasa, kuma yana aiki da ban mamaki a cikin sandwiches da salads inda ake son rubutu mai yaduwa.
La Fuerte kuma yana da kirim kuma mai ɗanɗano, tare da mafi kyawun bayanin martaba da sabo akan ɓangarorin. dandano mai laushi tare da alamun kwayoyi Wannan ya sa ya zama cikakke ga salads, miya mai haske, da kuma cin abinci ta hanyar cokali tare da taba gishiri da lemun tsami. Ba ya canza launi yayin da yake girma, don haka duba cewa ya sami ɗanɗano don matsa lamba shine mafi kyawun alamar girma.
Fat, ruwa da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki
Ƙididdiga masu kitse da ruwa sun dogara ne akan asali, ranar girbi, da bincike, amma akwai bayyanannun yanayin. Hass avocados sun rubuta abubuwan da ke cikin mai a tsakanin 18-22% har ma 18-23%yayin da wani tushen Spain ya sanya mai "mai kyau" a tsakanin 8-12% da ruwa daga 60-70%A cikin Fuerte, akwai nassoshi zuwa 12-15% mai a kan santsi fata, amma kuma mafi girma jeri na 18-23% kuma, a wasu kafofin, Figures na 23-27%Mahimman ra'ayi shine duka biyu suna ba da lafiyayyen kitse kuma bambancin gaske ne saboda yanayin yanayi, tsari da matakin girma.
Irin nau'ikan fata kamar Hass, Reed, ko Gwen sun shahara saboda su mafi girma yawa na lafiya fats da polyphenolsNazarin ya nuna sanya matakan polyphenol a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan har zuwa 87 mg / 100 g, tare da bitamin E, K, da folate a matakan kwatankwacin tsakanin nau'ikan. Don dalilai na abinci, duka Hass da Fuerte avocados sun dace cikin jagororin kariya na zuciya lokacin cinyewa cikin matsakaici.
Kalanda girbi da samuwa
A Spain, mafi kyawun taga Hass Yawanci yana gudana daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu, kodayake samunsa yana kara kusan duk shekara saboda godiya ga shigo da kaya da ikon zama a kan bishiyar bayan ya kai ga balaga, wanda ke sauƙaƙe girbi mai tsauri da wadataccen arziki.
La Mai ƙarfi A gabar tekun, girbin yana mai da hankali ne a ƙarshen shekara, tare da ambaton Nuwamba da Disamba, kodayake wasu allunan sun nuna cewa za a fara da wuri. Satumba-Nuwamba dangane da wurin. Wannan bambance-bambancen kwanakin tsakanin tushe yana nuna bambancin yanayin yanayi da ayyukan noma tsakanin yankuna kamar Malaga, Granada da Tsibirin Canary.
Idan muka dubi Chile, kalandar tana canzawa: Hass ya kasance kasuwa tun lokacin Satumba zuwa Maris kuma an nakalto Mai Karfi daga Agusta zuwa OktobaA cikin kasuwannin duniya, ana samun "Hass avocado" kusan shekara guda, wanda ya haɗu da asali daga arewaci da kudancin duniya.
Kiyaye, bayan girbi da sufuri
Hass ya yi fice don ta juriya ga sufuri da rayuwa mai amfaniTsakanin makonni 2 zuwa 6 a 5-8 ° C a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarkar sanyi. Iri-iri na Fuerte, tare da ɓacin ransa, yana ba da makonni 2 zuwa 4 a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya, yana aiki sosai a cikin ajiya da jigilar ruwa idan an kula da su da kulawa.
Duka suna amsawa ethylene ladabi don daidaita ripening (a Chile, kyakkyawan aikin sa a cikin pre-conditioning tare da ethylene an ambata a fili, musamman a Hass, Gwen, Reed, da sauransu). A matsayin maganin gida, Hass "sigina" ta launi; Fuerte, a gefe guda, yana buƙatar dogaro da taɓawa saboda yana riƙe da koren fata ko da ya cika.
Wannan amincin kayan aiki ya bayyana dalilin da yasa Hass ke mamaye kasuwancin kasa da kasa tare da hannun jari da yawa 95% na kasuwaYayin da Fuerte, duk da yana da babban darajar organoleptic, ana amfani da shi sosai a kasuwannin gida ko na gida.
Namowa da fure: nau'ikan A da B, pollination da yawan amfanin ƙasa
Avocado yana gabatarwa protogynous dichogamyFuren ba ta aiki duka namiji da mace. Nau'in nau'in A (Hass, Reed, Pinkerton) buɗe mace a safiyar ranar farko kuma a sake buɗe namiji a yammacin rana ta biyu; nau'in B (Fuerte, Bacon, Zutano) suna bin tsarin baya.
Don haka, a cikin gonakin kasuwanci ana ba da shawarar haɗa nau'ikan A da B a cikin 4:1 raboBabban nau'in ya ƙunshi kusan 80%, tare da masu yin pollinators waɗanda ke yin ragowar kashi 20%. Kasancewar kudan zuma da bumblebees yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen pollination, kuma bisa ga binciken da aka yi a cikin Al'ummar Valencian, wannan haɗaɗɗen ƙira na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kusan [wani kaso]. 22% sabanin monocultures.
Yankunan girma a Spain da rawar Canary Islands
Spain ita ce kawai babbar mai samar da avocados a Turai, tare da fiye da haka Kadada 22.000 da kuma babban mayar da hankali kan Granada da Malaga. Al'ummar Valencian da tsibirin Canary suna samun ƙasa tare da zaɓin da suka dace da sabbin fare.
Furodusa kamar Eduardo, ƙwararren manomi na Valencian, sun jaddada cewa Hass ya kasance "Sarauniya" don dandanonsa da fatar sa mai jure jigilar kaya, kodayake ana bincika zaɓuɓɓuka don tsawaita lokacin, haɓaka juriya ga iska da sanyi, da kuma bambanta haɗari.
Ƙungiyoyin Botanical: Mexican, Guatemalan, da Antillean
Daga ra'ayi na Botanical, manyan jinsi uku an bambanta. Mexican Yana jure sanyi mafi kyau (kimanin -4°C zuwa -6°C), yana da ganye mai ƙamshi mai ƙamshi idan ana shafa shi, da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan siraran fata. Ya kasance mabuɗin don samar da hybrids tare da mafi girman juriyar sanyi.
La Guatemalan Yana ba da 'ya'yan itace mai kauri, fata mai laushi, mai kyau don sufuri, kuma tare da nama mai tsami sosai. Iri-iri na Hass ya samo asali ne daga wannan tseren tare da gabatarwar Mexico, wanda ke bayyana ma'auni tsakanin inganci da kayan aikin bayan girbi.
La Antillean Ya dace da yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, yana samar da 'ya'yan itace mafi girma tare da fata mai santsi, amma yana da ƙarancin juriya ga sanyi. Wannan haɗin yana da ban sha'awa musamman a tsibirin Canary, inda ƙasa mai aman wuta da zafi ke ba da damar zaɓi na musamman na gida.
Mabuɗin iri bayan Hass da Fuerte
A cikin Spain, akwai kewayon zaɓuɓɓuka waɗanda ke taimakawa rufe kusan dukkan kalanda: Rago Hass (daga baya, Mayu-Yuli, 'ya'yan itatuwa 30% mafi girma, kyakkyawan juriya ga iska da zafi), Maluma Hass (farkon samarwa, 'ya'yan itatuwa na farko a kusa da shekara ta uku). Carmen Hass (maye gurbi tare da girbi sau biyu na shekara-shekara da ƙarancin canji), Reed (smooth skin, spring-rani girbi), Pinkerton (Semi-m, high fat, winter), naman alade y zutano (fata mai laushi, mafi jurewa ga sanyi da ingantaccen amfani da ruwa).
A cikin Canary Islands, da Kariya Geographical Indication (PGI) "Avocado daga Canary Islands" (2025) yana samun ƙarfi, gane da dama zažužžukan, ciki har da. 'Orotava' (20-22% man fetur, halayyar ma'adinai, babban haƙuri ga ƙasan volcanic acid pH 4,5-6) da 'Carmen Hass' (girbi sau biyu, riga tare da babban rabo a cikin PGI). Ga manomi, waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna ba da izini don tabbatar da samarwa da kuma cin gajiyar kayan aiki masu inganci.
| Daban-daban | Fata | Kayan mai | Girbi | Flor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hass | Rugosa | 18-22% | Nuwamba-Mar | A |
| Mai ƙarfi | Lisa | 12-15% | Satumba-Nuwamba | B |
| naman alade | Lisa | 16-18% | Oktoba-Dec | B |
| Reed | Lisa | 20-22% | Afrilu-Yuli | A |
| Pinkerton | Semi-wuta | 18-20% | Dec-Fabrairu | A |
Avocado iri a Chile: kalanda da sarrafa bayan girbi
Chile ita ce ma'auni don ingancin avocado da bambance-bambancen, tare da ingantaccen tsarin kayan masarufi na fitarwa. Hass Yana da rinjaye kuma an gane shi ta wurin duhun fata akan balaga; yana nuna kyakkyawan rayuwar cellar da gagarumin aiki a ciki Jirgin ruwan kuma a cikin matakai da suka shafi ethylene.
La Mai ƙarfi An kwatanta dan Chile a matsayin mai kore da santsi fata, iri mai matsakaicin girma, mai sauƙin kwasfa, da dandano mai kyau, tare da yanayi. daga Agusta zuwa OktobaYana riƙe koren fatar sa yayin da yake balaga kuma yana aiki da kyau a cikin ajiyar sanyi da kuma kan jiragen ruwa.
naman alade: bakin ciki kore fata, m dandano, matsakaici size (6-12 oz), samuwa a tsakanin marigayi kaka da marigayi Yuli; yana riƙe koren launi, matsa lamba kuma yana tafiya da kyau. Esta: zagaye, babba, koren fata mai hatsi, mai kyau tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.
GwenKama da Hass amma dan kadan ya fi girma, tare da kore, hatsi, fata mai sassauƙa, kyakkyawan halayen jirgin ruwa da amsa ga ethylene; taga na Satumba zuwa Disamba. Mexican: duhu purple, farin lenticels, iri manya-manyan iri da ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da strands.
Black Cross: baki, santsi, elongated da nuna fata; ana samunsa tsakanin Yuli da Satumba. Pinkerton: elongated, ƙananan iri, mai kyau don kwasfa, ajiya mai kyau, hunturu-lokacin bazara.
Reed: zagaye, lokacin farin ciki koren fata tare da ƙananan granularity, ɓangaren litattafan almara, yana adana da kyau kuma yana amsawa ga ethylene; bazara zuwa farkon kaka. zutano: fata mai launin rawaya-kore mai haske, dandano mai laushi, matsakaiciyar rayuwa, amsa ga ethylene musamman a farkon kakar; kaka zuwa farkon hunturu.
Edranol: blister-kamar m fata, matsakaici rami, low hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara lokacin fallasa zuwa iska, ya kasance kore a lokacin da cikakke kuma amsa ga ethylene; samuwa daga Satumba zuwa DisambaWannan mosaic na Chile yana nuna yadda sarrafa bayan girbi (sarkar sanyi da ripening sarrafawa) ke faɗaɗa kasuwanni ba tare da rasa inganci ba.
Dorewa: ruwa, tushen tushen da ingantaccen ban ruwa
Babban kalubale shine ruwa: sawun ruwa na amfanin gona ya bambanta tsakanin 1.100 da 2.000 L/kgDon rage wannan, nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da dacewa da damuwa suna samun maki, tare da ambaton musamman don Bacon da Zutano saboda ingantaccen amfani da ruwa da juriya ga sanyi, yanayin da aka gada daga Mexico.
Zabi da kyau tushen tushen Yana kawo bambanci. Tushen Mexico kamar 'Mexicola' yana taimakawa tare da salinity; 'Duke 7' yana ba da juriya ga phytophthora cinnamomi. Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna iya rage buƙatun ban ruwa ta kewaye 20% ba tare da rasa yawan aiki ba, ko da yaushe a cikin tsarin agronomic na duniya.
Rashin ban ruwa mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gwada a Malaga da Al'ummar Valencian, yana ba da damar ragewa kusa 35% na amfani da ruwa. Haɗe tare da murfin shuka da na'urori masu zafi, amfanin gona ya zama mafi juriya ga yanayin zafi da fari.
Canjin yanayi da makomar taswirar iri-iri
Haɓaka raƙuman zafi a sama 40 ºC Tuni dai ake ganin hakan a gonakin Bahar Rum. Iri-iri kamar Lamb Hass suna nuna mafi kyawun jurewar zafi saboda kaurin fata, yayin da zaɓin farkon girma kamar Bacon yana guje wa kololuwar zafi.
Fare a kan iri-iri iri-iri Yana da dabara: haɗa lokacin fure da lokacin girbi yana yada yanayin yanayi da haɗarin kasuwa. Ana kallon gaba zuwa 2050, ƙirar suna nuna canjin wurare masu dacewa zuwa arewa (Galicia, Asturias) don kayan da ke da kwayoyin halittar Mexica waɗanda suka fi jure sanyi, yayin da a lokaci guda. ci gaba hybrids mafi dacewa da zafi don kula da samarwa a cikin yankunan kudancin gargajiya na gargajiya.
Tambayoyi akai-akai
Wane iri zan shuka a cikin lambu mai zaman kansa a Spain?
A kan tekun Bahar Rum, da Hass Yana da amintaccen fare don inganci da daidaitawa. Koyaya, tabbatar da nau'in pollinator B (Ƙarfi ko naman alade) yana kusa don inganta saitin 'ya'yan itace. A cikin wuraren da ya fi sanyi, yana da kyau a zaɓi Bacon ko Zutano saboda tsananin juriya da sanyi.
Shin aikin noman halitta yana da amfani?
Ee. Avocados suna amsa da kyau ga ayyukan noman kwayoyin halitta. Masu kera filin sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin matsa lamba a ciki Hass da kyakkyawan aiki na nau'ikan Fuerte da Canary Island lokacin aiki tare da ƙasa mai rai, ingantaccen ban ruwa da nau'ikan halittu masu aiki (pollinators).
Wane iri ne ke ba da ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki?
Masu fama da fata (Hass, Reed, Gwen) sukan fi maida hankali sosai monounsaturated fats da polyphenolsHar zuwa 87 MG / 100 g na polyphenols an kawo su a cikin waɗannan layin; a cikin bitamin E, K da folates babu wani matsananciyar bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan.
Yaushe itacen avocado da aka dasa ya fara samar da 'ya'ya?
Production fara tsakanin Shekaru 3 da 5 A mafi yawan nau'ikan, samar da kololuwa yana faruwa tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 20. Maluma Hass ya yi fice saboda farkon sa, tare da lura da girbi tun farkon shekara ta uku.
Shin nau'ikan "ƙananan sanannun" suna da riba?
Ya dogara da tsarin kasuwanci. Akwai niches inda Pinkerton ko Reed Suna cimma farashin har zuwa 20% mafi girma yayin lokutan ƙarancin wadata. Makullin shine tsara tsari mai kyau, dabarun pollination, da samun tashoshi na tallace-tallace kai tsaye.
Zaɓi tsakanin Hass da Fuerte ya fi sauƙi: tsohon yana haskakawa saboda creaminess, bayan girbi rayuwa da kuma kusan ci gaba da wadataNa biyun yana burgewa da sabo da kyawun sa akan ƙoƙon baki. Kyakkyawan iri-iri, jadawalin girbi, da gudanar da aikin ban ruwa sun dogara da yankin ku kuma ko kuna ba da fifikon sufuri, dandano, ko dorewa, amma a yau muna da zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri (Lamb Hass, Bacon, Reed, Pinkerton, Carmen, Orotava, da sauransu) waɗanda ke ba ku damar daidaita kowane yanke shawara ga yanayin, kasuwa, kuma, sama da duka, dandano ku.